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OTHER FACTORS: Title and subTitle BreakLESS WELL KNOWN VITAMINS

C. M. McCAY, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

ITHACA, N. Y.


JAMA. 1938;110(18):1441-1446. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.62790180005010
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Under the title of "Other Factors" one can include only a few of the many essential organic substances that various animal species seem unable to synthesize. The description of these substances is scattered throughout the vast literature of biology. Many more have probably been missed than have been found. Such substances may seem of little importance at this time, but who can say when the needs of some insect with specific requirements may provide the key for studying the vitamin physiology of higher species? These ramifications of nutrition are well illustrated by the discovery of Trager and co-workers that a factor essential for growth of mosquito larvae is present in normal human urine but deficient in that of pernicious anemia patients.

To appreciate the expanse of unexplored fields in the domain of nutrition, one need merely read some modern work such as "Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals" by Needham.1

REFERENCES

Langley, J. N., and Sherrington, C. S.:  On Pilomotor Nerves , J. Physiol., Cambridge 12:278, 1891;.
Needham, J. G.: Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals , Ithaca, N. Y., Comstock Publishing Company, 1937;.
McCay, C. M.:  An Insect Test for Vitamin B Fractions , Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists 100:lxvii, 1933;
 The Nutritional Requirements of Blatella Germanica , Physiol. Zool. 9:89-103 ( (Jan.) ) 1938;.
Crowell, Mary F., and McCay, C. M.:  Nutritional Studies of the Webbing Clothes Moth, Tineola bisselliella Hum. , Physiol. Zool. 10:368, 1937;.
Trager, William:  On the Nutritional Requirements of Mosquito Larvae Aedes Aegypti , Am. J. Hyg. 22: 475-493 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;
 A Growth Factor Required by Mosquito Larvae , J. Exper. Biol. 14:240-251 ( (April) ) 1937;
Trager, W.; Miller, D. K., and Rhoads, C. P.:  The Absence from the Urine of Pernicious Anemia Patients of a Mosquito Growth Factor Present in Normal Urine , J. Exper. Med. 67:469-480 ( (March) ) 1938;.
Knight, C. J.: Bacterial Nutrition , Report 210, Medical Research Council, London, 1936;.
Meiklejohn, A. P.:  The Estimation of Vitamin B in Blood by a Modification of Schopfer's Test , Biochem. J. 31: 1441 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Kögl, F.:  Active Principles and Plant Growth , Naturwissensch. 29: 465, 1937;.
Wulzen, Rosalind:  The Effect of Heating on Certain Foods , Univ. California Publ., Physiol. 7:1, 1926;.
Greenberg, L. D., and Schmidt, C. L. A.:  Studies on the Properties of a Growth Promoting Factor for Planaria Maculata , J. Exper. Zool. 73: 375, 1936;.
Bahrs, Alice M.:  The Modification of the Normal Growth-Promoting Power, for Planarian Worms, of the Digestive Mucosa of the Rabbit Under Variations in Diet, Fasting and Age , Physiol. Zool. 4: 189-203, 1931;.
McCay, C. M.; Bing, F. C., and Dilley, W. E.:  Factor H in the Nutrition of Trout , Science 67:249 ( (March 2) ) 1928;.
McCay, C. M.:  The Biochemistry of Fish , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 6:445, 1937;.
Booher, Lela E.:  The Concentration and Properties of Vitamin H , J. Biol. Chem. 119:223 ( (June) ) 1937;.
György, Paul:  Stoffwechsel und Immunbiologie der Haut , Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde (Pfaundler-Schlossmann), Berlin 10:45-81, 1935;.
Stepp, W.; Kühnau, J., and Schroeder, H.: Die Vitamine und ihre klinische Anwendung , Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1937;.
Arnold, Aaron; Kline, O. L.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Further Studies on the Growth Factor Required by Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 116: 699 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Guha, B. C.:  Observations on Certain Factors Necessary for the Normal Nutrition of the Rat , Biochem. J. 25:960 (No. (3) ) 1931;.
Hogan, A. G., and Johnson, S. R.:  Plant Extracts in the Nutrition of Guinea Pigs and Rabbits , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:217-221 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Kohler, G. O.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Growth Stimulating Properties of Grass Juice , Science 83:445 ( (May 8) ) 1936;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Key, Kathleen M., and Morgan, Barbara G. E.:  Some Evidence of the Existence of a Further Factor Necessary for the Growth of the Rat , Biochem. J. 23:695 (No. (4) ) 1929;.
Mapson, L. W.:  A New Dietary Principle in Liver , Biochem. J. 26: 970 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1932;.
Seegers, W. H., and Mattill, H. A.:  The Nutritive Value of Beef Heart, Kidney, Round and Liver After Heating and After Alcohol Extraction , J. Nutrition 10:271 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Elvehjem, C. A.; Koehn, C. J., Jr., and Oleson, J. J.:  An Essential Dietary Factor Found in Yeast and Liver Extract Distinct from Vitamin B1, B2, B4 and Flavin , J. Biol. Chem. 114:xxxi, 1936;
 A New Essential Dietary Factor , ElvehjemJ. Biol. Chem. 115: 707 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Frost, D. V., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Further Studies on Factor W , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chem. 31:34, 1937;.
Halliday, Nellie, and Evans, H. M.:  On the Claim for a New Essential Dietary Factor in Mammalian Liver , J. Nutrition 14: 45 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Chick, Harriette, and Copping, Alice M.:  The Composite Nature of the Water Soluble Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 24: 1764 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Edgar, Constance E., and Macrae, T. F.:  Essential Dietary Factors for the Rat Present in Autoclaved Yeast in Addition to Lactoflavin , Biochem. J. 31:886 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Lepkovsky, Samuel, and Jukes, T. H.:  The Effect of Some Reagents on the Filtrate Factor, a Water-Soluble Vitamin Belonging to the Vitamin B Complex and Preventing a Dietary Dermatitis in Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 114: 109 ( (May) ) 1935;.
Fouts, P. J.; Lepkovsky, Samuel; Helmer, O. M., and Jukes, T. H.:  Successful Treatment of Human Pellagra with the "Filtrate Factor," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35: 345 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Hogan, A. G.; Boucher, R. V., and Kempster, H. L.:  Simplified Rations for the Chick , J. Nutrition 10:535 ( (Nov.) ) 1935;.
Hunt, C. H.:  Further Evidence of the Complex Nature of Vitamin B: I. Evidence that a Third Factor Exists , J. Biol. Chem. 79: 723 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Williams, G. Z., and Lewis, R. C.:  Evidence for the Presence of a Third Factor in the Vitamin B Complex of Yeast , J. Biol. Chem. 89: 275 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Centanni, E.:  The "Enteral" Vitamin I-B7 Regulating Digestive Functions of Pigeons , Biochim. e terap. sper. 22:137 ( (April 30) ) 1935;.
Rosedale, J. R.:  Preliminary Note on Possible Factor , Biochem. J. 21: 1266 (No. (6) ) 1927;.
Carter, C. W.:  Heart Block in Pigeons, Curative Factor , Biochem. J. 24: 1811 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
von Euler, Hans; Söder, Harald, and Malmberg, Maj.:  The Action of Nutrient Factor J on the Development of Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 116:672 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1935;
Chem. Abstr. 29: 5890.
Dam, Henrik:  Cholesterol Synthesis in the Animal Body , Biochem. Ztschr. 220:158, 1930;
 Cholesterol Metabolism in Chickens and Chicken Eggs , DamBiochem. Ztschr. 215: 475, 1929;.
Horvath, A. A.:  Changes in Hens' Blood Produced by a Diet of Sprouted Soy Beans , Am. J. Physiol. 94:65-68 ( (July) ) 1930;.
McFarlane, W. D.; Graham, W. R., and Richardson, Frederick:  The Fat Soluble Vitamin Requirements of the Chick: I. The Vitamin A and Vitamin D Content of Fish Meal and Meat Meal , Biochem. J. 25: 358 (No. (1) ) 1931;.
Dam, Henrik, and Schønheyder, Fritz:  A Deficiency Disease in Chicks Resembling Scurvy , Biochem. J. 28: 1355 (No. (4) ) 1934;.
Dam, Henrik:  The Antihemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick , Nature 135: 652, 1935;
Biochem. J. 29: 1273 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Schønheyder, Fritz:  Measurement and Biological Action , Nature 135:652, 1935;.
Dam, Henrik; Schønheyder, Fritz, and Tage-Hansen, Erik:  Studies of the Mode of Action of Vitamin K , Biochem. J. 30:1075 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Schønheyder, Fritz:  The Quantitative Determination of Vitamin K , Biochem. J. 30: 890 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Dam, Henrik, and Schønheyder, Fritz:  Vitamin K , Nord. med. tidskr. 12:1097 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Almquist, H. J.:  Purification of the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin , J. Biol. Chem. 114:241 ( (May) ) 1936;
 Purification of the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin by Distillation , AlmquistJ. Biol. Chem. 115: 589 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;
 Chemical and Physical Studies on the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin , AlmquistJ. Biol. Chem. 117:517 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R.:  Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dietary Hemorrhagic Disease in Chicks , J. Nutrition 12:329 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Schiff, E., and Hirschberger, C.:  Weitere untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: V. A-Vitamin and Thrombozytose , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 147:81 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Morrison, F. B.: Feeds and Feeding , ed. 20, Ithaca, N. Y., Morrison Publishing Company, 1936;.
Quick, A. J.:  The Coagulation Defect in Sweet Clover Disease and in the Hemorrhagic Disease of Dietary Origin , Am. J. Physiol. 118: 260 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Scott, K. G., and Cook, S. F.:  The Syndrome Induced in Poultry by an Intoxication Factor and Its Relation to the Antihemorrhagic Factor , Univ. Calif. Pub. Physiol. 8:135, 1936;.
Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R.:  A Nutritional Deficiency Causing Gizzard Erosions in Chicks , Nature 137:581 ( (April 4) ) 1936;.
Bird, H. R.; Kline, O. L.; Elvehjem, C. A.; Hart, E. B., and Halpin, J. G.:  The Distribution and Properties of the Antigizzard Erosion Factor Required by Chicks , J. Nutrition 12: 571 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Rusznyák, S., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Vitamin-P Flavonols as Vitamins , Nature 138:27 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Bentsáth, A.; Rusznyák, S., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Vitamin Nature of Flavones , Nature 138: 798 ( (Nov. 7) ) 1936;.
Bruckner, V., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Chemical Nature of Citrin , Nature 138:1057 ( (Dec. 19) ) 1936;.
Zilva, S. S.:  Vitamin P , Biochem. J. 31:915 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Funk, Casimir, and Funk, I. C.:  The Value of Pyridine Derivatives in Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists 31:35, 1937;.
Elvehjem, C. A.; Madden, R. J.; Strong, F. M., and Woolley, D. W.:  Relation of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinic Acid Amide to Canine Blacktongue , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59: 1767, 1937;.
Boas, Mary Averil:  The Effect of Desiccation upon the Nutritive Properties of Egg White , Biochem. J. 21:712, 1927;.
Fixsen, Margaret Averil Boas:  The Effect of Desiccation upon the Nutritive Properties of Egg White , Biochem. J. 25: 596 (No. (2) ) 1931;.
Parsons, Helen T., and Lease, Jane G.:  Variations in the Potency of Certain Foodstuffs in the Cure of Dermatitis Induced in Rats by Dietary Egg White , J. Nutrition 8: 57 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Parsons, Helen T.; Lease, Jane G., and Johnson, Doris:  The Storage in the Body Organs of the Factor Protective Against the Injury Due to Dietary Egg White , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists 31:77, 1937;.
Agduhr, Erid:  Postnatal Development Under Different Conditions of Nutrition and Circumstances of Functioning: I. The Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil in the Food , Acta pædiat. 5:319, 1926;.
Woodward, J. W., and McCay, C. M.:  Synthetic Diets for Herbivora , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:241 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.: Synthetic Diets for Herbivora with Special Reference to the Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil , Memoir 178, Cornell Univ., 1935;.
Madsen, L. L.:  The Comparative Effects of Cod Liver Oil, Cod Liver Oil Concentrate, Lard and Cottonseed Oil in a Synthetic Diet on the Development of Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy , J. Nutrition 11: 471 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Norris, E. R., and Church, Anna E.:  The Toxic Effect of Fish Liver Oil and the Action of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 89:437 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Yamamoto, I.:  Toxicity of the Fish Liver Oil and the Antitoxic Effect of Yeast , Bull. Inst. Phys. Chem. Research 15:590, 1936;.
McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.:  The Effect of Ingested Cod Liver Oil, Shark Liver Oil and Salmon Oil upon the Composition of the Blood and Milk of Lactating Cows , J. Biol. Chem. 109: 29 ( (April) ) 1935;.
Hilditch, T. P., and Thompson, H. M.:  The Effect of Certain Ingested Fatty Oils upon the Composition of Milk Fat , Biochem. J. 30: 677 (No. (4) ) 1936;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  A Cerebellar Disorder in Chicks, Apparently of Nutritional Origin , J. Exper. Med. 53: 11 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  Nutritional Myopathy in Ducklings , J. Exper. Med. 59:35 ( (Jan.) ) 1934;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  Protection Afforded by Certain Vegetable Oils Against Nutritional Encephalomalacia of Chicks , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:777 ( (April) ) 1934;.
Jungherr, E., and Pappenheimer, A. M.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 37: 520-526, 1937;.
McCay, C. M.:  Can We Abandon the Vitamin Alphabet? Science 86: 347 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1937;.

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Langley, J. N., and Sherrington, C. S.:  On Pilomotor Nerves , J. Physiol., Cambridge 12:278, 1891;.
Needham, J. G.: Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals , Ithaca, N. Y., Comstock Publishing Company, 1937;.
McCay, C. M.:  An Insect Test for Vitamin B Fractions , Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists 100:lxvii, 1933;
 The Nutritional Requirements of Blatella Germanica , Physiol. Zool. 9:89-103 ( (Jan.) ) 1938;.
Crowell, Mary F., and McCay, C. M.:  Nutritional Studies of the Webbing Clothes Moth, Tineola bisselliella Hum. , Physiol. Zool. 10:368, 1937;.
Trager, William:  On the Nutritional Requirements of Mosquito Larvae Aedes Aegypti , Am. J. Hyg. 22: 475-493 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;
 A Growth Factor Required by Mosquito Larvae , J. Exper. Biol. 14:240-251 ( (April) ) 1937;
Trager, W.; Miller, D. K., and Rhoads, C. P.:  The Absence from the Urine of Pernicious Anemia Patients of a Mosquito Growth Factor Present in Normal Urine , J. Exper. Med. 67:469-480 ( (March) ) 1938;.
Knight, C. J.: Bacterial Nutrition , Report 210, Medical Research Council, London, 1936;.
Meiklejohn, A. P.:  The Estimation of Vitamin B in Blood by a Modification of Schopfer's Test , Biochem. J. 31: 1441 ( (Sept.) ) 1937;.
Kögl, F.:  Active Principles and Plant Growth , Naturwissensch. 29: 465, 1937;.
Wulzen, Rosalind:  The Effect of Heating on Certain Foods , Univ. California Publ., Physiol. 7:1, 1926;.
Greenberg, L. D., and Schmidt, C. L. A.:  Studies on the Properties of a Growth Promoting Factor for Planaria Maculata , J. Exper. Zool. 73: 375, 1936;.
Bahrs, Alice M.:  The Modification of the Normal Growth-Promoting Power, for Planarian Worms, of the Digestive Mucosa of the Rabbit Under Variations in Diet, Fasting and Age , Physiol. Zool. 4: 189-203, 1931;.
McCay, C. M.; Bing, F. C., and Dilley, W. E.:  Factor H in the Nutrition of Trout , Science 67:249 ( (March 2) ) 1928;.
McCay, C. M.:  The Biochemistry of Fish , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 6:445, 1937;.
Booher, Lela E.:  The Concentration and Properties of Vitamin H , J. Biol. Chem. 119:223 ( (June) ) 1937;.
György, Paul:  Stoffwechsel und Immunbiologie der Haut , Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde (Pfaundler-Schlossmann), Berlin 10:45-81, 1935;.
Stepp, W.; Kühnau, J., and Schroeder, H.: Die Vitamine und ihre klinische Anwendung , Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1937;.
Arnold, Aaron; Kline, O. L.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Further Studies on the Growth Factor Required by Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 116: 699 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Guha, B. C.:  Observations on Certain Factors Necessary for the Normal Nutrition of the Rat , Biochem. J. 25:960 (No. (3) ) 1931;.
Hogan, A. G., and Johnson, S. R.:  Plant Extracts in the Nutrition of Guinea Pigs and Rabbits , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:217-221 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Kohler, G. O.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  Growth Stimulating Properties of Grass Juice , Science 83:445 ( (May 8) ) 1936;.
Coward, Katharine H.; Key, Kathleen M., and Morgan, Barbara G. E.:  Some Evidence of the Existence of a Further Factor Necessary for the Growth of the Rat , Biochem. J. 23:695 (No. (4) ) 1929;.
Mapson, L. W.:  A New Dietary Principle in Liver , Biochem. J. 26: 970 ( (Nov. 4) ) 1932;.
Seegers, W. H., and Mattill, H. A.:  The Nutritive Value of Beef Heart, Kidney, Round and Liver After Heating and After Alcohol Extraction , J. Nutrition 10:271 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Elvehjem, C. A.; Koehn, C. J., Jr., and Oleson, J. J.:  An Essential Dietary Factor Found in Yeast and Liver Extract Distinct from Vitamin B1, B2, B4 and Flavin , J. Biol. Chem. 114:xxxi, 1936;
 A New Essential Dietary Factor , ElvehjemJ. Biol. Chem. 115: 707 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Frost, D. V., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Further Studies on Factor W , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chem. 31:34, 1937;.
Halliday, Nellie, and Evans, H. M.:  On the Claim for a New Essential Dietary Factor in Mammalian Liver , J. Nutrition 14: 45 ( (July) ) 1937;.
Chick, Harriette, and Copping, Alice M.:  The Composite Nature of the Water Soluble Vitamin B1 , Biochem. J. 24: 1764 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
Edgar, Constance E., and Macrae, T. F.:  Essential Dietary Factors for the Rat Present in Autoclaved Yeast in Addition to Lactoflavin , Biochem. J. 31:886 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Lepkovsky, Samuel, and Jukes, T. H.:  The Effect of Some Reagents on the Filtrate Factor, a Water-Soluble Vitamin Belonging to the Vitamin B Complex and Preventing a Dietary Dermatitis in Chicks , J. Biol. Chem. 114: 109 ( (May) ) 1935;.
Fouts, P. J.; Lepkovsky, Samuel; Helmer, O. M., and Jukes, T. H.:  Successful Treatment of Human Pellagra with the "Filtrate Factor," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35: 345 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Hogan, A. G.; Boucher, R. V., and Kempster, H. L.:  Simplified Rations for the Chick , J. Nutrition 10:535 ( (Nov.) ) 1935;.
Hunt, C. H.:  Further Evidence of the Complex Nature of Vitamin B: I. Evidence that a Third Factor Exists , J. Biol. Chem. 79: 723 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
Williams, G. Z., and Lewis, R. C.:  Evidence for the Presence of a Third Factor in the Vitamin B Complex of Yeast , J. Biol. Chem. 89: 275 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Centanni, E.:  The "Enteral" Vitamin I-B7 Regulating Digestive Functions of Pigeons , Biochim. e terap. sper. 22:137 ( (April 30) ) 1935;.
Rosedale, J. R.:  Preliminary Note on Possible Factor , Biochem. J. 21: 1266 (No. (6) ) 1927;.
Carter, C. W.:  Heart Block in Pigeons, Curative Factor , Biochem. J. 24: 1811 (No. (6) ) 1930;.
von Euler, Hans; Söder, Harald, and Malmberg, Maj.:  The Action of Nutrient Factor J on the Development of Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 116:672 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1935;
Chem. Abstr. 29: 5890.
Dam, Henrik:  Cholesterol Synthesis in the Animal Body , Biochem. Ztschr. 220:158, 1930;
 Cholesterol Metabolism in Chickens and Chicken Eggs , DamBiochem. Ztschr. 215: 475, 1929;.
Horvath, A. A.:  Changes in Hens' Blood Produced by a Diet of Sprouted Soy Beans , Am. J. Physiol. 94:65-68 ( (July) ) 1930;.
McFarlane, W. D.; Graham, W. R., and Richardson, Frederick:  The Fat Soluble Vitamin Requirements of the Chick: I. The Vitamin A and Vitamin D Content of Fish Meal and Meat Meal , Biochem. J. 25: 358 (No. (1) ) 1931;.
Dam, Henrik, and Schønheyder, Fritz:  A Deficiency Disease in Chicks Resembling Scurvy , Biochem. J. 28: 1355 (No. (4) ) 1934;.
Dam, Henrik:  The Antihemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick , Nature 135: 652, 1935;
Biochem. J. 29: 1273 ( (June) ) 1935;.
Schønheyder, Fritz:  Measurement and Biological Action , Nature 135:652, 1935;.
Dam, Henrik; Schønheyder, Fritz, and Tage-Hansen, Erik:  Studies of the Mode of Action of Vitamin K , Biochem. J. 30:1075 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Schønheyder, Fritz:  The Quantitative Determination of Vitamin K , Biochem. J. 30: 890 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Dam, Henrik, and Schønheyder, Fritz:  Vitamin K , Nord. med. tidskr. 12:1097 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Almquist, H. J.:  Purification of the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin , J. Biol. Chem. 114:241 ( (May) ) 1936;
 Purification of the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin by Distillation , AlmquistJ. Biol. Chem. 115: 589 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;
 Chemical and Physical Studies on the Antihemorrhagic Vitamin , AlmquistJ. Biol. Chem. 117:517 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R.:  Factors Influencing the Incidence of Dietary Hemorrhagic Disease in Chicks , J. Nutrition 12:329 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Schiff, E., and Hirschberger, C.:  Weitere untersuchungen zur Frage des Morbus maculosus Werlhofi: V. A-Vitamin and Thrombozytose , Jahrb. f. Kinderh. 147:81 ( (July) ) 1936;.
Morrison, F. B.: Feeds and Feeding , ed. 20, Ithaca, N. Y., Morrison Publishing Company, 1936;.
Quick, A. J.:  The Coagulation Defect in Sweet Clover Disease and in the Hemorrhagic Disease of Dietary Origin , Am. J. Physiol. 118: 260 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Scott, K. G., and Cook, S. F.:  The Syndrome Induced in Poultry by an Intoxication Factor and Its Relation to the Antihemorrhagic Factor , Univ. Calif. Pub. Physiol. 8:135, 1936;.
Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R.:  A Nutritional Deficiency Causing Gizzard Erosions in Chicks , Nature 137:581 ( (April 4) ) 1936;.
Bird, H. R.; Kline, O. L.; Elvehjem, C. A.; Hart, E. B., and Halpin, J. G.:  The Distribution and Properties of the Antigizzard Erosion Factor Required by Chicks , J. Nutrition 12: 571 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Rusznyák, S., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Vitamin-P Flavonols as Vitamins , Nature 138:27 ( (July 4) ) 1936;.
Bentsáth, A.; Rusznyák, S., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Vitamin Nature of Flavones , Nature 138: 798 ( (Nov. 7) ) 1936;.
Bruckner, V., and Szent-Györgyi, Albert:  Chemical Nature of Citrin , Nature 138:1057 ( (Dec. 19) ) 1936;.
Zilva, S. S.:  Vitamin P , Biochem. J. 31:915 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Funk, Casimir, and Funk, I. C.:  The Value of Pyridine Derivatives in Nutrition , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists 31:35, 1937;.
Elvehjem, C. A.; Madden, R. J.; Strong, F. M., and Woolley, D. W.:  Relation of Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinic Acid Amide to Canine Blacktongue , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59: 1767, 1937;.
Boas, Mary Averil:  The Effect of Desiccation upon the Nutritive Properties of Egg White , Biochem. J. 21:712, 1927;.
Fixsen, Margaret Averil Boas:  The Effect of Desiccation upon the Nutritive Properties of Egg White , Biochem. J. 25: 596 (No. (2) ) 1931;.
Parsons, Helen T., and Lease, Jane G.:  Variations in the Potency of Certain Foodstuffs in the Cure of Dermatitis Induced in Rats by Dietary Egg White , J. Nutrition 8: 57 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Parsons, Helen T.; Lease, Jane G., and Johnson, Doris:  The Storage in the Body Organs of the Factor Protective Against the Injury Due to Dietary Egg White , Proc. Soc. Biol. Chemists 31:77, 1937;.
Agduhr, Erid:  Postnatal Development Under Different Conditions of Nutrition and Circumstances of Functioning: I. The Changes in the Heart Through the Presence of Cod Liver Oil in the Food , Acta pædiat. 5:319, 1926;.
Woodward, J. W., and McCay, C. M.:  Synthetic Diets for Herbivora , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:241 ( (Nov.) ) 1932;.
Madsen, L. L.; McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.: Synthetic Diets for Herbivora with Special Reference to the Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil , Memoir 178, Cornell Univ., 1935;.
Madsen, L. L.:  The Comparative Effects of Cod Liver Oil, Cod Liver Oil Concentrate, Lard and Cottonseed Oil in a Synthetic Diet on the Development of Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy , J. Nutrition 11: 471 ( (May) ) 1936;.
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Yamamoto, I.:  Toxicity of the Fish Liver Oil and the Antitoxic Effect of Yeast , Bull. Inst. Phys. Chem. Research 15:590, 1936;.
McCay, C. M., and Maynard, L. A.:  The Effect of Ingested Cod Liver Oil, Shark Liver Oil and Salmon Oil upon the Composition of the Blood and Milk of Lactating Cows , J. Biol. Chem. 109: 29 ( (April) ) 1935;.
Hilditch, T. P., and Thompson, H. M.:  The Effect of Certain Ingested Fatty Oils upon the Composition of Milk Fat , Biochem. J. 30: 677 (No. (4) ) 1936;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  A Cerebellar Disorder in Chicks, Apparently of Nutritional Origin , J. Exper. Med. 53: 11 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  Nutritional Myopathy in Ducklings , J. Exper. Med. 59:35 ( (Jan.) ) 1934;.
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goettsch, Marianne:  Protection Afforded by Certain Vegetable Oils Against Nutritional Encephalomalacia of Chicks , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:777 ( (April) ) 1934;.
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McCay, C. M.:  Can We Abandon the Vitamin Alphabet? Science 86: 347 ( (Oct. 15) ) 1937;.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
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