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RIBOFLAVIN: Title and subTitle BreakPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

A. G. HOGAN, Ph.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

COLUMBIA, MO.


JAMA. 1938;110(15):1188-1193. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.62790150009011b
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In the course of their studies on pellagra Goldberger and Lillie1 used rats as experimental animals, and produced a characteristic deficiency disease. Ophthalmia and bilaterally symmetrical denuded areas were the most important symptoms, and these are still the most common and most characteristic. Goldberger and Lillie reported that "some of the animals have developed a dermatitis at one or more of the following sites: ears, front of neck and upper part of chest, forearms, backs of forepaws, shins, and the backs of the hind paws." Other workers2 also observed the more severe symptoms but they are comparatively infrequent. Goldberger's description was reviewed by Sure,3 so additional details will be omitted. The agent that prevents the lesions was designated by Goldberger as the P-P (pellagra-preventive) factor. American biochemists designated the new vitamin as G, the British workers called it vitamin B2. Goldberger made a very important contribution,

REFERENCES

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Hogan, A. G., and Richardson, L. R.: The Effect of Ultra-Violet Rays on the Dermatitis Preventing Vitamin , Research Bull. 178, Missouri Agric. Exper. Sta., 1932;.
Hogan, A. G., and Richardson, L. R.:  Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Vitamin B Complex , J. Biol. Chem. 100: 1v ( (May) ) 1933;
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Lepkovsky, Samuel, and Jukes, T. H.:  The Response of Rats, Chicks, and Turkey Poults to Crystalline Vitamin G (Flavin) , J. Nutrition 12: 515 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
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Bethke, R. M.; Record, P. R., and Wilder, O. H. M.:  Further Studies on Vitamin G in Chick Nutrition with Special Reference to Flavins , Poultry Sc. 16:175, 1937;.
Bethke, R. M.; Record, P. R., and Wilder, F. W.:  The Effect of the Ration of the Hen on the Vitamin G Content of Eggs, with Observations on the Distribution of Vitamin B and G in Normal Eggs , J. Nutrition 12: 309 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
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Adams, P. D.:  The Oxygen Uptake and Composition of the Skin of Rats in Vitamin G Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 116: 641 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
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Perjés, J.:  Weitere Untersuchungen über die wirkung einzelner Glieder des Vitamin B-Komplexes auf die durch körperliche Arbeit bedingte Volumzunahme der Nebennierenrinde , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 238:341 ( (Dec. 18) ) 1936;.
Kik, M. C.; Sure, Barnett, and Buchanan, Kathryn Sue:  Enzymic Efficiency in Avitaminosis: III. Influence of Vitamin B1 and G Deficiencies on the Concentration of Blood and Tissue Enzymes , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:490 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.

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Goldberger, Joseph, and Lillie, R. D.:  A Note on an Experimental Pellagra-like Condition in the Albino Rat , Pub. Health Rep. 41: 1025 ( (May 28) ) 1926;.
Richardson, L. R., and Hogan, A. G.: Skin Lesions of the Rat Associated with the Vitamin B Complex , Research Bull. 241, Missouri Agric. Exper. Sta., 1936;.
Sure, Barnett:  The Present Status of Vitamin B2 (G) , J. A. M. A. 99: 26 ( (July 2) ) 1932;.
Chick, Harriette, and Roscoe, Margaret H.:  Dual Nature of Water-Soluble Vitamin B.: II. Effect upon Young Rats of Vitamin B2 Deficiency and a Method for the Biological Assay of Vitamin B2 , Biochem. J. 22: 790, 1928;.
Roscoe, Margaret H.:  Note on the Incidence of Dermatitis Among Rats Deprived of Vitamin B2 , Biochem. J. 27: 1533 (No. (5) ) 1933;.
Hogan, A. G., and Hunter, J. E.:  The Plural Nature of Vitamin B , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 433 ( (July) ) 1928;.
Hogan, A. G., and Richardson, L. R.: The Effect of Ultra-Violet Rays on the Dermatitis Preventing Vitamin , Research Bull. 178, Missouri Agric. Exper. Sta., 1932;.
Hogan, A. G., and Richardson, L. R.:  Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Vitamin B Complex , J. Biol. Chem. 100: 1v ( (May) ) 1933;
 Irradiated Vitamin B Complex and Dermatitis , J. Nutrition 8: 385 ( (Oct.) ) 1934;.
György, Paul:  Vitamin B2 and the Pellagra-like Dermatitis in Rats , Nature 133: 498, 1934;.
Chick, Harriette; Copping, Alice M., and Edgar, Constance E.:  The Water-Soluble B-Vitamins: IV. The Components of Vitamin B2 , Biochem. J. 29: 722 (No. (3) ) 1935;.
Harris, L. J.:  Flavin and the Pellagra-Preventing Factor as Separate Constituents of a Complex Vitamin B2 , Biochem. J. 29: 776 (No. (3) ) 1935;.
Halliday, Nellie, and Evans, H. M.:  Dietary Production of the Syndrome of Deficiency in Vitamin B6 , J. Nutrition 13: 657 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Booher, Lela E.:  The Concentration and Properties of Vitamin H , J. Biol. Chem. 119:223 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Richardson and Hogan.2 Booher.7
Blyth, A. W.:  The Composition of Cow's Milk in Health and Disease , J. Chem. Soc., London 35: 530, 1879;.
Ellinger, P., and Koschara, W.:  Ueber eine neue Gruppe tierischer Farbstoffe (Lyochrome) , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 66: 315, 1933;.
Kuhn, Richard; György, Paul, and Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor:  Ueber eine neue Klasse von Natur-farbstoffen , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 66: 317, 1933;.
Kuhn, Richard; György, Paul, and Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor:  Ueber Lactoflavin, den Farbstoff der Molke , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 66: 1034, 1933;.
György, Paul; Kuhn, Richard, and Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor:  Das Vitamin B2 , Naturwissenschaften 21: 560, 1933;.
Edgar, Constance E.; Macrae, T. F., and Vivanco, Franciso:  The Water-Soluble B-Vitamins: VII. Growth-Promoting Properties of Lactoflavin , Biochem. J. 31: 879 ( (June) ) 1937;.
Karrer, P.; Salomon, H., and Schöpp, K.:  Isolierung des Hepaflavins , Helvet. chim. acta 17: 419, 1934;.
Ellinger, P., and Koschara, W.:  The Lyochromes: A New Group of Animal Pigments , Nature 133: 553, 1934;.
Karrer, P.; Schöpp, K., and Benz, F.:  Synthesen von Flavinen: IV , Helvet. chim. acta 18: 426, 1935;.
Kuhn, Richard; Reinemund, K.; Weygand, F., and Ströbele, R.:  Ueber die Synthese des Lactoflavins (Vitamin B2) , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 68: 1765, 1935;.
György, Paul:  Ueber die Wachstumswirkung synthetischer Flavinpräparate , Ztschr. f. Vitaminforsch. 4: 223 ( (July) ) 1935;.
György, Paul:  Growth-Promoting Activity of Lactoflavin Administered Orally and Parenterally , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35: 207 ( (Oct.) ) 1936;.
Warburg, Otto, and Christian, Walter:  Ueber ein neues Oxydationsferment und sein Absorptionsspektrum , Biochem. Ztschr. 254: 438 ( (Oct. 24) ) 1932;.
Warburg, Otto, and Christian, Walter:  Ueber das neue Oxydationsferment , Naturwissenschaften 20: 980, 1932;.
Warburg, Otto; Christian, Walter, and Griese, Alfred:  Wasserstoffübertragendes Co-Ferment, seine Zusammensetzung und Wirkungsweise , Biochem. Ztschr. 282: 157 ( (Nov. 21) ) 1935;.
Theorell, Hugo:  Reindarstellung (Kristallisation) des gelben Atmungsfermentes und die reversible Spaltung desselben , Biochem. Ztschr. 272:155 ( (July 23) ) 1934;
 Reindarstellung der Wirkungsgruppe des gelben Ferments , TheorellBiochem. Ztschr. 275:344 ( (Jan. 5) ) 1935;.
Kuhn, Richard, and Rudy, Hermann:  Lactoflavin als Co-Ferment; Wirkstoff und Träger , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 69: 2557, 1936;.
Banga, I., and Szent-Györgyi, A.:  Ueber Co-Fermente, Wasserstoffdonatoren und Arsenvergiftung der Zellatmung , Biochem. Ztschr. 246: 203 ( (March 15) ) 1932;.
Laki, K.:  Ueber Cytoflav , Biochem. Ztschr. 266: 202 ( (Oct. 24) ) 1933;.
Kuhn, Richard, and Rudy, Hermann:  Wachstumswirkung von Flavinphosphorsäuren , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 239: 47 ( (Feb. 28) ) 1936;.
Rudy, Hermann:  Enzymatische Phosphorylierung des Lactoflavins , Naturwissenschaften 23: 286, 1935;.
György, Paul; Kuhn, Richard, and Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor:  Verbreitung des Vitamins B2 im Tierkörper , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 223: 21 ( (Feb. 5) ) 1934;.
von Euler, Hans, and Adler, Erich:  Ueber das Vorkommen von Flavinen in tierischen Geweben , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 223: 105 ( (March 6) ) 1934;.
Elliott, K. A. C.; Benoy, Marjorie P., and Baker, Zelma:  The Metabolism of Lactic and Pyruvic Acids in Normal and Tumour Tissues: II. Rat Kidney and Transplantable Tumours , Biochem. J. 29: 1937 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
Kuhn, Richard; Kaltschmitt, Hans, and Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor:  Ueber den Flavingehalt der Leber und Muskulatur von gesunden und B2-avitaminotischen Ratten , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 232: 36 ( (March 11) ) 1935;.
Vivanco, Francisco:  Zur Flavinbilanz im Tierkörper , Naturwissenschaften 23: 306, 1935;.
Koschara, W.:  Ueber Harnlyochrome , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 232: 101 ( (March 25) ) 1935;.
Emmerie, A.:  Determination and Excretion of Flavins in Normal Human Urine , Nature 138: 164 ( (July 25) ) 1936;.
Emmerie, A.:  On the Relation Between Intake and Excretion of Flavins , Acta brev. Neerland. 7, 1937;, Nos. (4) , 5.
Roscoe, Margaret H.:  The B Vitamins in Human Urine , Biochem. J. 30: 1053 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Kuhn, Richard, and Boulanger, Paul:  Ueber die Giftigkeit der Flavine , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 241: 233 ( (July 17) ) 1936;.
Hunt, C. H., and Krauss, W. E.:  The Influence of the Ration of the Cow upon the Vitamin B and Vitamin G Content of Milk , J. Biol. Chem. 92: 631 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Donelson, Eva G., and Macy, Icie G.:  Human Milk Studies: XII. The Vitamin B and Vitamin G Content Before and During Maternal Consumption of Yeast , J. Nutrition 7: 231 ( (Feb.) ) 1934;.
Kuhn, Richard; Wagner-Jauregg, Theodor, and Kaltschmitt, Hans:  Ueber die Verbreitung der Flavine im Pflanzenreich , Ber. d. deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 67: 1452, 1934;.
Kayser, M. E.:  Welcher Leberbestandteil geht in die Frauenmilch über? Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 63: 136 ( (Jan. 22) ) 1937;.
Müller, R.:  Beobachten über den Lactoflavingehalt der Frauenmilch und seine Beeinflussung durch die Ernährung , Klin. Wchnschr. 16: 807 ( (June 5) ) 1937;.
Karrer, P.; von Euler, Hans, and Schöpp, K.:  Flavin aus Fischaugen , Ark. Kemi. Min. Geol. 11B, 1935;, No. (54) .
von Euler, Hans, and Adler, Erich:  Ueber Flavin und einen blau-fluorescierenden Stoff in der Netzhaut der Fischaugen , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 228: 1 ( (Oct. 3) ) 1934;.
Day, P. L.; Langston, W. C., and O'Brien, C. S.:  Cataract and Other Ocular Changes in Vitamin G Deficiency , Am. J. Ophth. 14: 1005 ( (Oct.) ) 1931;.
O'Brien, C. S.:  Experimental Cataract in Vitamin G Deficiency , Arch. Ophth. 8: 880 ( (Dec.) ) 1932;.
Yudkin, A. M.:  Ocular Disturbances Produced in Experimental Animals by Dietary Changes , J. A. M. A. 101: 921 ( (Sept. 16) ) 1933;.
Day, P. L., and Langston, W. C.:  Further Experiments with Cataract in Albino Rats Resulting from the Withdrawal of Vitamin G (B2) from the Diet , J. Nutrition 7: 97 ( (Jan.) ) 1934;.
Day, P. L.; Langston, W. C., and Cosgrove, K. W.:  The Appearance of Cataract and Dermatitis in Experimental Animals Given Vitamin G Deficient Diets Containing Casein and Egg Albumin , J. Nutrition Proc. 7:12 ( (May) ) 1934;.
Day, P. L.:  Vitamin G Deficiency , Am. J. Pub. Health 24: 603 ( (June) ) 1934;.
Day, P. L.; Darby, W. J., and Langston, W. C.:  The Identity of Flavin with the Cataract-Preventive Factor , J. Nutrition 13: 389 ( (April) ) 1937;.
Bourne, Margherita C., and Pyke, M. A.:  The Occurrence of Cataract in Rats Fed on Diets Deficient in Vitamin B2 , Biochem. J. 29: 1865 ( (Aug.) ) 1935;.
György, Paul:  Investigations on the Vitamin B2 Complex: I. The Differentiation of Lactoflavin and the "Rat Antipellagra" Factor , Biochem. J. 29: 741 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Mitchell, Helen S., and Dodge, W. M.:  Cataract in Rats Fed on High Lactose Rations , J. Nutrition 9: 37 ( (Jan.) ) 1935;.
Morgan, Agnes F., and Cook, Bessie B.:  Cataract- and Dermatitis-Producing Nutritional Factors , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 34: 281 ( (March) ) 1936;.
Cowgill, G. R.; Zimmerman, H. M., and Burack, Ethel:  Studies of Vitamin G (B2) Deficiency in Dogs: Preliminary Communication , Am. J. Physiol. 109:24 ( (July) ) 1934;.
Zimmerman, H. M., and Burack, Ethel:  Studies on the Nervous System in Deficiency Diseases: II. Lesions Produced in the Dog by Diets Lacking the Water-Soluble, Heat-Stable Vitamin B2 (G) , J. Exper. Med. 59:21 ( (Jan.) ) 1934;.
Zimmerman, H. M.; Cowgill, G. R.; Bunnell, W. W., and Dann, M.:  Studies on the Nervous System in Deficiency Diseases: Experimental Black Tongue , Am. J. Physiol. 109: 440 ( (Sept.) ) 1934;.
Rhoads, C. P., and Miller, D. K.:  Vitamin B2 (G) and Canine Blacktongue , Science 81:159 ( (Feb. 8) ) 1935;.
Birch, T. W.; György, Paul, and Harris, L. J.:  The Vitamin B2 Complex: Differentiation of the Antiblacktongue and the "P.-P." Factors from Lactoflavin and Vitamin B6 (So-Called "Rat Pellagra" Factor): Parts I-IV , Biochem. J. 29: 2830 ( (Dec.) ) 1935;.
Koehn, C. J., and Elvehjem, C. A.:  Studies on Vitamin G (B2) and Its Relation to Canine Black Tongue , J. Nutrition 11: 67 ( (Jan.) ) 1936;.
Zimmerman, H. M.; Cowgill, G. R., and Fox, J. C., Jr.:  Neurologic Manifestations in Vitamin G (B2) Deficiency: An Experimental Study in Dogs , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 37: 286 ( (Feb.) ) 1937;.
Wolbach, S. B.:  The Pathologic Changes Resulting from Vitamin Deficiency , J. A. M. A. 108: 7 ( (Jan. 2) ) 1937;.
Sebrell, W. H.; Hunt, D. J., and Onstott, R. H.:  Lactoflavin in the Treatment of Black Tongue , Pub. Health Rep. 52: 235 ( (Feb. 26) ) 1937;.
Goldberger, Joseph, and Wheeler, G. A.:  Experimental Black Tongue of Dogs and Its Relation to Pellagra , Pub. Health Rep. 43: 172 ( (Jan. 27) ) 1928;.
Sebrell, W. H.; Onstott, R. H., and Hunt, D. J.:  The Treatment of Blacktongue with a Preparation Containing the "Filtrate Factor," and Evidence of Riboflavin Deficiency in Dogs , Pub. Health Rep. 52: 427 ( (April 9) ) 1937;.
Dann, W. J.:  The Vitamin G Complex: I. The Nonidentity of Rat Dermatitis Due to Vitamin B6 Deficiency and the Dermatitis of Human Pellagra , J. Nutrition 11: 451 ( (May) ) 1936;.
Fouts, P. J.; Lepkovsky, Samuel; Helmer, O. M., and Jukes, T. H.:  Successful Treatment of Human Pellagra with the "Filtrate Factor," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35: 245 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Lepkovsky, Samuel; Jukes, T. H., and Krause, Myrtise E.:  The Multiple Nature of the Third Factor of the Vitamin B Complex , J. Biol. Chem. 115: 557 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Kline, O. L.; Keenan, J. A.; Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B.:  The Use of the Chick in Vitamin B1 and B2 Studies , J. Biol. Chem. 99: 295 ( (Dec.) ) 1932;.
Lepkovsky, Samuel, and Jukes, T. H.:  The Vitamin G Requirement of the Chick , J. Biol. Chem. 111: 119 ( (Sept.) ) 1935;.
Ansbacher, S.; Supplee, G. C., and Bender, R. C.:  Pellagra-like Syndrome in Chicks , J. Nutrition 11: 529 ( (June) ) 1936;.
Elvehjem, C. A., and Koehn, C. J., Studies on Vitamin B2 (G):  The Nonidentity of Vitamin B2 and Flavins , J. Biol. Chem. 108: 709 ( (March) ) 1935;.
Strauss, M. B., and Castle, W. B.:  The Nature of the Extrinsic Factor of the Deficiency State in Pernicious Anemia and in Related Macrocytic Anemias , New England J. Med. 207: 55 ( (July 14) ) 1932;.
Wills, Lucy, and Naish, Alice:  A Case of Pernicious Anemia Treated with Vitamin B2 from Egg White , Lancet 1:1286 ( (June 17) ) 1933;.
Lassen, H. C. A., and Lassen, H. K.:  Yeast or Vitamin B2 as "Extrinsic Factor" in Treatment of Pernicious Anemia , Am. J. M. Sc. 188: 461 ( (Oct.) ) 1934;.
Brand, Erwin; West, Randolph, and Stuckey, C. J.:  Vitamin G Potency of Purified Liver Preparations , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 1382 ( (June) ) 1933;.
Miller, D. K., and Rhoads, C. P.:  The Presence in Egg-White and in a Rice Polishings Concentrate Low in Vitamin B2 (G) of an Anti-Pernicious Anemia Principle , New England J. Med. 211: 921 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1934;.
Stare, F. J., and Thompson, L. D.:  Hepatoflavin and Pernicious Anemia , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 33:64 ( (Oct.) ) 1935;.
Ashford, C. A.; Klein, Louis, and Wilkinson, J. F.:  Note on the Nonidentity of Lactoflavin and the "Extrinsic Factor" in Pernicious Anaemia , Biochem. J. 30: 218 ( (Feb.) ) 1936;.
Laszt, L., and Verzár, F.:  Hemmung des Wachstums durch Jodessigsäure und antagonistische Beeinflussung durch Vitamin B2 sowie Nebennierenrinden-Hormon , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 236: 693 ( (Dec. 23) ) 1935;.
Verzár, F., and Laszt, L.:  Der Zusammenhang zwischen Vitamin B2 und dem Hormon der Nebennierenrinde , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 237: 476 ( (May 18) ) 1936;.
Laszt, L., and Verzár, F.:  Ueber chronische Jodessigsäurevergiftung und ihre Beziehung zur Gee-Herterschen Krankheit , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 237: 483 ( (May 18) ) 1936;.
Rudy, Hermann:  Ueber die Wachstumswirkung von Lactoflavinphosphorsäure und gelbem Ferment , Ztschr. f. angew. Chem. 49: 323, 1936;.
Laszt, L., and Verzár, F.:  Nebennierenrinde und Fettresorption , Biochem. Ztschr. 228: 351 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1936;.
Lepkovsky, Samuel, and Jukes, T. H.:  The Response of Rats, Chicks, and Turkey Poults to Crystalline Vitamin G (Flavin) , J. Nutrition 12: 515 ( (Nov.) ) 1936;.
Ringrose, A. T.; Norris, L. C., and Heuser, G. F.:  The Occurrence of a Pellagra-like Syndrome in Chicks . Poultry Sc. 10: 166, 1931;.
Bethke, R. M.; Record, P. R., and Wilder, O. H. M.:  Further Studies on Vitamin G in Chick Nutrition with Special Reference to Flavins , Poultry Sc. 16:175, 1937;.
Bethke, R. M.; Record, P. R., and Wilder, F. W.:  The Effect of the Ration of the Hen on the Vitamin G Content of Eggs, with Observations on the Distribution of Vitamin B and G in Normal Eggs , J. Nutrition 12: 309 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Norris, L. C.; Wilgus, H. S.; Ringrose, A. T.; Heiman, V., and Heuser, G. F.: The Vitamin G Requirement of Poultry, Bull. 660, Cornell Agric. Exper. Sta., 1936.
Ellis, N. R.; Miller, David; Titus, H. W., and Byerly, T. C.:  Effect of Diet on Egg Composition: III. The Relation of Diet to the Vitamin B and the Vitamin G Content of Eggs, Together with Observations on the Vitamin A Content , J. Nutrition 6: 243 ( (May) ) 1933;.
Bethke, R. M.; Record, P. R., and Kennard, D. C.:  The Relation of Vitamin G to the Hatchability of Hens' Eggs , J. Nutrition 12: 297 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
Adams, P. D.:  The Oxygen Uptake and Composition of the Skin of Rats in Vitamin G Deficiency , J. Biol. Chem. 116: 641 ( (Dec.) ) 1936;.
Remp, D. G., and Bing, F. C.:  Inanition as a Factor in Vitamin G Deficiency , J. Nutrition 8:457 ( (Oct.) ) 1934;.
Dietrich, S., and Pendl, E.:  Vitamin B2 (Lactoflavin) and Erstickung des isolierten Froschherzens , Klin. Wchnschr. 16: 13 ( (Jan. 2) ) 1937;.
von Beznák, A., and Perjés, J.:  Ueber den Zusammenhang der Nebennierenrindenhypertrophie mit der körperlichen Arbeit und mit dem Gehalt der Nährung an Vitamin B , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 236: 181 ( (Sept. 14) ) 1935;.
Perjés, J.:  Weitere Untersuchungen über die wirkung einzelner Glieder des Vitamin B-Komplexes auf die durch körperliche Arbeit bedingte Volumzunahme der Nebennierenrinde , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pflüger's) 238:341 ( (Dec. 18) ) 1936;.
Kik, M. C.; Sure, Barnett, and Buchanan, Kathryn Sue:  Enzymic Efficiency in Avitaminosis: III. Influence of Vitamin B1 and G Deficiencies on the Concentration of Blood and Tissue Enzymes , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:490 ( (Sept.) ) 1936;.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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