Rogoff, J. M., and Stewart, G. N.: The Influence of Adrenal Extracts on the Survival Period of Adrenalectomized Animals , Science 66: 327 (
(Oct.)
) 1927;.
Studies on Adrenal Insufficiency: V. The Influence of Adrenal Extracts on the Survival Period of Adrenalectomized Dogs , Am. J. Physiol. 84: 660 (
(April)
) 1928;.
Stewart, G. N., and Rogoff, J. M.: Studies on Adrenal Insufficiency: IX. The Influence of Extracts of Adrenal Cortex (Sheep and Cattle) on the Survival Period of Adrenalectomized Dogs and Cats , Am. J. Physiol. 91: 254 (
(Dec.)
) 1929;.
Rogoff, J. M.: Clinical and Experimental Studies on Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease and the Treatment of Such Conditions by Interrenalin , Proc. California Acad. Med. , 1930;, p. 7
Diagnosis and Treatment of Addison's Disease , Canad. M. A. J. 24: 43 (
(Jan.)
) 1931;
Addison's Disease: Further Report on Treatment with "Interrenalin" (Adrenal Cortical Extract) J. A. M. A. 99: 1309 (
(Oct. 15)
) 1932;.
Hartman, F. A.; MacArthur, C. G., and Hartman, W. E.: A Substance Which Prolongs the Life of Adrenalectomized Cats , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 25: 69 (
(Oct.)
) 1927;.
Hartman (Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 27: 938 [
(June)
] 1930;
Hartman, F. A.: U. S. Patent 1,914,125 [June 13, 1933]—process patent for "Cortin and Method of Preparing Same"
The survival times of treated adrenalectomized animals reported by Stewart and Rogoff 1a, b considerably exceed the maximum (not only the average) for control animals in their own extensive series. However, the average survival time of control adrenalectomized animals reported by Hartman2 was taken largely from the literature and hence may not properly be compared with the survival times for his treated animals. It should be noted that the survival times reported by different authors are not comparable; survival times of animals under treatment with cortical extract must be compared with those of untreated animals of the same investigator. Thus, the longest periods of survival of untreated animals reported in the literature (those of Stewart and Rogoff) exceed in many cases the survival times of treated animals reported by other workers.—Ed.
Pfiffner, J. J., and Swingle, W. W.: The Preparation of an Active Extract of the Suprarenal Cortex , Anat. Rec. 44: 225, 1929;.
Swingle, W. W., and Pfiffner, J. J.: Experiment with an Active Extract of the Suprarenal Cortex , Anat. Rec. 44: 225, 1929;.
Kendall, E. C.; Mason, H. L.; McKenzie, B. F., and Myers, C. S.: Isolation in Crystalline Form of the Hormone Essential to Life from the Suprarenal Cortex: Its Chemical Nature and Physiologic Properties , Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 9: 245 (
(April 25)
) 1934;.
Wintersteiner and Pfiffner (Proc. Soc. Biol. Chem. ,
(April 10-13)
, 1935;, page c
Szent-Györgyi, A.: On the Chemistry of the Adrenal Cortex. Abstracts of Communications to the Thirteenth International Physiological Congress, August 1929, p. 265.
Pfiffner, J. J.; Swingle, W. W., and Vars, H. M.: The Cortical Hormone Requirement of the Adrenalectomized Dog, with Special Reference to a Method of Assay , J. Biol. Chem. 104: 701 (
(March)
/issue>) 1934;.
This is not an entirely satisfactory method of assay, as several authors have pointed out. It appears that the only adequate criterion now available for the activity of adrenal cortical extracts consists in the property of prolonging the lives of completely adrenalectomized animals for a period well beyond the maximum survival time of control animals.—Ed.
Benham, H. W.; Fisher, Mary and Thurgar, C. J. L.: Three Cases of Addison's Disease Treated with an Extract of Suprarenal Cortex , Lancet 1: 125 [
(Jan. 16)
] 1932;
Rowntree, L. G. and Ball, R. G.: Diseases of the Suprarenal Glands , Endocrinology 17: 263 [
(May-June)
] 1933;
Britton, S. W., and Silvette, H.: On the Function of the Adrenal Cortex—General Carbohydrate and Circulatory Theories , Am. J. Physiol. 107: 190 (
(Jan.)
) 1934;.
Swingle, W. W.; Pfiffner, J. J.; Vars, H. M.; Bott, P. A., and Perkins, W. M.: The Function of the Adrenal Cortical Hormone and the Cause of Death from Adrenal Insufficiency , Science 77: 58 (
(Jan.)
) 1933;.
Britton and Silvette (Am. J. Physiol. 100: 701 [
(May)
] 1932;)
Swingle, W. W.: The Cortical Hormone of the Adrenal Gland , Harvey Lectures , series 27,
(October)
1931;, p. 33.
Harrop, J. A.; Weinstein, A.; Soffer, L. J., and Threscher, J. H.: Studies on the Suprarenal Cortex: II. Metabolism, Circulation and Blood Concentration During Suprarenal Insufficiency on the Dog , J. Exper. Med. 58: 1 (
(July)
) 1933;.
Loeb, R. F.: Chemical Changes in the Blood in Addison's Disease , Science 76: 420 (
(Nov.)
) 1932;
Effect of Sodium Chloride in the Treatment of a Patient with Addison's Disease , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 808 (
(March)
) 1933;.
Loeb, R. F.; Atchley, D. W.; Benedict, E. M., and Leland, J.: Electrolyte Balance Studies in Adrenalectomized Dogs with Particular Reference to the Excretion of Sodium , J. Exper. Med. 57: 775 (
(May)
) 1933;.
Loeb, R. F., and Atchley, D. W.: The Significance of Salt in the Treatment of Addison's Disease , M. Clin. North America 17: 1317 (
(March)
) 1934;.
Loeb, R. F.; Atchley, D. W., and Stahl, J.: The Rôle of Sodium in Adrenal Insufficiency, to be published.
Stewart, G. N.: Blood Studies in Dogs After Adrenalectomy , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 29: 373, 1926;.
Rogoff, J. M., and Stewart, G. N.: Studies on Adrenal Insufficiency in Dogs: II. Blood Studies in Control Animals Not Subjected to Treatment , Am. J. Physiol. 78: 683 (
(Nov.)
) 1926;.
Marine, David, and Baumann, E. J.: Duration of Life After Suprarenalectomy in Cats and Attempts to Prolong It by Injections of Solutions Containing Sodium Salts, Glucose and Glycerol , Am. J. Physiol. 81: 86 (
(June)
) 1927;.
Rogoff, J. M., and Stewart, G. N.: Studies on Adrenal Insufficiency: IV. The Influence of Intravenous Injections of Ringer's Solution upon the Survival Period of Adrenalectomized Dogs , Am. J. Physiol. 84: 649 (
(April)
) 1928;.
Harrop, G. A.; Soffer, L. J.; Ellsworth, R., and Threscher, J. H.: Studies on the Suprarenal Cortex: III. Plasma Electrolytes and Electrolyte Excretion During Suprarenal Insufficiency in the Dog , J. Exper. Med. 58: 17 (
(May)
) 1933;.
Harrop, G. A.; Weinstein, Albert; Soffer, L. J., and Threscher, J. H.: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Addison's Disease , J. A. M. A. 100: 1850 (
(June 10)
) 1933;.
Harrop, G. A.: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Addison's Disease, Correspondence , J. A. M. A. 101: 388 (
(July 2)
) 1933;.
It should be pointed out that the studies which indicate a diminution of basal metabolic rate in adrenalectomized animals were made on animals the survival times of which were very short. The significance of such a decrease in oxygen consumption of moribund animals is conjectural, as no decrease in metabolic rate is said to occur during the period of relatively good health. See section on "Oxygen Consumption."—Ed.
Marshall, E. K., and Davis, D. M.: The Influence of the Adrenals on the Kidneys , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 8: 525 (
(Sept.)
) 1916;.
Britton, S. W., and Silvette, Herbert: Effect of Cortico-Adrenal Extract on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Normal Animals , Am. J. Physiol. 100: 693 [
(May)
] 1932;
Britton The Apparent Prepotent Function of the Adrenal Glands , Am. J. Physiol. 100 page 701
(May)
1932;
Cleghorn, R. A.: Observations on Extracts of Beef Adrenal Cortex and Elasmobranch Interrenal Body ; J. Physiol. 75: 413 [
(Aug.)
] 1932;
Eagle, E.: Presence and Significance of Choline in Cortico-Adrenal Extract , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 1094 [
(May)
] 1933;
Britton, S. W.; Geiling, E. M. K., and Calvary, H. O.: Medulliadrenal Secretion and Carbohydrate Metabolism , Am. J. Physiol. 84: 141 (
(Feb.)
) 1928;.
Harrop, G. A., and Weinstein, Albert: Studies on the Adrenal Cortex: I. Cortical Suprarenal Insufficiency and the Action of Cortical Hormone upon the Normal and Suprarenalectomized Dog , J. Exper. Med. 57: 305 (
(Feb.)
) 1933;.
This subject is discussed further in the papers in this series by Rogoff (The Adrenal Medulla) and by Best (The Internal Secretion of the Pancreas).—Ed.
Freeman (Science 77: 211 [
(Feb. 24)
] 1933;).
Britton and Silvette (Science 77: 366 [
(April 14)
] 1933;; footnote 12)
J. McKeen Cattell (Science 77: 428 [
(May 5)
] 1933;).
Steinback, M. M.: Experimental Tuberculosis in the Albino Rat: The Comparative Effects of Avitaminosis, Suprarenalectomy and Thyroid-Parathyroidectomy on Experimental Tuberculosis , Am. Rev. Tuberc. 26: 52 (
(July)
) 1932;.
Khorazo, D.: Agglutinin Production in Suprarenalectomized Rats , J. Immunol. 21: 151 (
(Aug.)
) 1931;.
Perla, D., and Marmorston-Gottesman, J.: Immunological Studies in Relation to the Suprarenal Gland: IV. The Effect of Repeated Injections of Epinephrine on the Haemolysin Formation in Suprarenalectomized Rats , J. Exper. Med. 50: 87 (
(July)
) 1929;.
Ecker, E. E., and Rogoff, J. M.: Susceptibility of Albino Rats to Tetanus Toxin Following Adrenalectomy , Am. J. Physiol. 80: 200 (
(March)
) 1927;.
Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29: 1240 [
(June)
] 1932;
Brownell, K. A.; Lockwood, J. E., and Hartman, F. A.: A Lactation Hormone of the Adrenal Cortex , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 783 (
(March)
) 1933;.
Recent investigators have suggested the presence of still other special hormones in the adrenal cortex. This is based on the finding that certain products (crystalline and noncrystalline) obtained from cortical extracts appear to have special effects in adrenalectomized animals apart from the life-sustaining property.7 However, the present evidence is so conflicting and confusing that judgment must be reserved for the present.—Ed.
Rogoff, J. M., and Stewart, G. N.: Suprarenal Cortical Extracts in Suprarenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) , J. A. M. A. 92: 1569 (
(May 11)
) 1929;.
Rowntree, L. G.; Greene, C. H.; Ball, R. G.; Swingle, W. W., and Pfiffner, J. J.: Treatment of Addison's Disease with the Cortical Hormone of the Suprarenal Gland , J. A. M. A. 97: 1446 (
(Nov. 14)
) 1931;.
Rogoff, J. M.: Addison's Disease: Further Report on Treatment with "Interrenalin," J. A. M. A. 99: 1309 (
(Oct. 15)
) 1932;.
Rogoff, J. M.: The Adrenal Cortical Hormone: Experiments with a Commercial Adrenal Extract (Eschatin) , J. A. M. A. 103: 1764 (
(Dec. 8)
) 1934;.