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BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY: Title and subTitle BreakREVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS OF THE USE OF BACTERIOPHAGE IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS FREE

MONROE D. EATON, M.D.; STANHOPE BAYNE-JONES, M.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

Prepared for the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association.


JAMA. 1934;103(23):1769-1776. doi:10.1001/jama.1934.72750490003007
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The purpose of this report is (a) to present summaries and discussions of (1) the experimentally determined facts relating to the bacteriophage phenomenon, (2) the laboratory and clinical evidence for and against the therapeutic usefulness of bacteriophage and (3) the relation of so-called antivirus to materials containing bacteriophage, and (b) to serve as a basis for a survey of the status of some of the commercial preparations. As it is impossible to include in this article an abstract of the whole voluminous and contradictory literature on these subjects, we have summarized only the papers and reviews that have appeared to us to be the most significant.

MODE OF ACTION AND NATURE OF BACTERIOPHAGE  Transmissible lysis of bacteria was discovered independently by Twort1 in 1915 and by d'Herelle2 in 1917. As d'Herelle has stated that he noticed the effect of the lytic agent first in 1909 and as the

REFERENCES

Twort, F. W.:  An Investigation on the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses , Lancet 2:1241-1243, 1915;
 Les agents bactériolytiques filtrables et transmissibles (bactériophage) , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 47:459-469 ( (Nov.) ) 1931;
 Filter-Passing Transmissible Bacteriolytic Agents (Bacteriophage) , Lancet 2:1064-1067 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1930;.
d'Herelle, Felix:  Microbiologie—sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysentériques , Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 165:373-380, 1917;.
Topley, W. W. C., and Wilson, G. S.:  The Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon, chapt. X  in The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity , New York, William Wood & Co. 1:224-233, 1931;.
d'Herelle, Felix: The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, trans. by G. H. Smith, 1926;.
 Bacterial Auto-Aggressins , editorial, J. A. M. A. 94:269 ( (Jan. 25) ) 1930;
correspondence,  Bacterial Auto-Aggressins J. A. M. A. 94:503 ( (Feb. 15) ) 1930;.
Bronfenbrenner, Jacques:  The Bacteriophage: Present Status of the Question of Its Nature and Mode of Action , in Jordan, E. O., and Falk, I. S.: New Knowledge of Bacteriology and Immunology , University of Chicago Press, 1928;, chapt. 40, pp. 525-556.
Bronfenbrenner, Jacques: Filterable Viruses , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1928;, pp. 373-403; edited by T. M. Rivers.
Krueger, A. P., and Tamada, H. T.:  Preparation of Relatively Pure Bacteriophage . J. Gen. Physiol. 13:145-151 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Krueger, A. P., and Northrop, J. H.;  The Kinetics of the Bacterium-Bacteriophage Reaction , J. Gen. Physiol. 14:223-254 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Hetler, D. M., and Bronfenbrenner, J.:  Further Studies on Mechanism of Transmissible Lysis of Bacteria , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29:806-808 ( (April) ) 1932;.
Krueger, A. P., and Baldwin, D. M.:  Inactivation of Bacteriophage by Mercury Bichloride; Reactivitation of Bichloride-Inactivated Phage , J. Gen. Physiol. 17:129-133 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Bordet, J., and Ciuca, M.:  Exudats leucocytaires et autolyse microbienne transmissible; le bactériophage de d'Herelle, sa production et son interprétation , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 83:1293-1298, 1920;.
Bordet, J.:  Problem of Bacteriophage or of Transmissible Bacterial Autolysis , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 39:717-763, 1925;.
Arkwright, J. A.:  Source and Characteristics of Certain Cultures Sensitive to Bacteriophage , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 5:23-33 ( (Feb.) ) 1924;
Hadley, P.:  Twort-d'Hérelle phenomenon; critical review and presentation of new conception (homogamic theory) of bacteriophage action , J. Infect. Dis. 42:263-434 ( (April) ) 1928;.
Hadley, P.; Delves, E., and Klimek, J.:  Filtrable Forms of Bacteria; Filtrable Stage in Life History of Shiga Dysentery Bacillus , J. Infect. Dis. 48:1-159 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Kendall, A. I., and Walker, A. W.:  Occurrence of Bacteria in the Filtrable State in Active Bacteriophage , J. Infect. Dis. 53:355-371 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1933;.
Asheshov, I. N.; Asheshov, I.; Khan, S., and Lahiri, M. N.:  Studies on Cholera Bacteriophage , Indian J. M. Research 20:1101-1188 ( (April) ) 1933;.
Kendrick, P.:  The Antigenic Properties of Bacteriophage Lysates of Salmonella Suipestifer; Rate of Disappearance of Injected Bacteriophage from the Blood Stream of Rabbits , Am. J. Hyg. 17:318-328 ( (March) ) 1933;.
Besredka, Alexander: Local Immunization: Specific Dressings , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, edited and translated by Harry Plotz, 1927;.
Friedberger, E., and Vallen, J.:  Action of Typhoid Bacteriophage in Presence of Erythrocytes , Klin. Wchnschr. 2:1649-1650 ( (Aug. 27) ) 1923;.
Clark, P. F., and Clark, A. S.:  Bacteriophage Active Against Virulent Hemolytic Streptococcus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 24:635-639 ( (April) ) 1927;.
Applebaum, Martha, and MacNeal, W. J.: (a)  Influence of Pus and Blood on Action of Bacteriophage , J. Infect. Dis. 49:225-243 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;
 Influence of Blood and Exudates on the Action of Bacteriophage Against Colon Bacillus , J. Infect. Dis. 50:269-276 ( (March) ) 1932;.
Evans, Alice C.:  Inactivation of Antistreptococcus Bacteriophage by Animal Fluids , Pub. Health Rep. 48:411-426 ( (April 21) ) 1933;.
Gratia, A., and Jaumain, D.:  Dualité du principe lytique du colibacille et du staphylocoque , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:882-884, 1921;.
Zdansky, E.:  Kritische und experimentelle Beiträge zur Frage der Wirkungsmöglicheit der Bakteriophagen im Warmblüterorganismus und in der freien Natur , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 103:164-176, 1924;.
Riding, D.:  Acute Bacillary Dysentery in Khartoum Province, Sudan, with Special Reference to Bacteriophage Treatment: Bacteriological Investigation , J. Hyg. 30:387-401 ( (Aug.) ) 1930;.
Cowles, P. B., and Hale, W. M.:  Effect of Bacteriophage on Experimental Anthrax in White Mice , J. Infect. Dis. 49:264-269 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Gratia, A., and Mutsaars, W.:  L'action inhibitrice du sérum normal sur la lyse du staphylocoque doré par les bactériophages staphylococciques polyvalents , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 106:943-945 ( (April 16) ) 1931;.
Colvin, M. G.:  Behavior of Bacteriophage in Body Fluids and in Exudates , J. Infect. Dis. 51:527-541 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1932;.
Bruynoghe, R., and Maisin, J.:  La Phagocytose du Bactériophage , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 86:292-293, 1922;.
Larkum, N. W.:  Bacteriophagy in Urinary Infection; Bacteriophagy in Bladder , J. Bact. 12:225-242 ( (Sept.) ) 1926;.
Dresel, I., and Lewis, M. R.:  Study of Bacteriophage in Tissue Cultures , Am. J. Hyg. 11:189-195 ( (Jan.) ) 1930;.
Hoder, F.:  Die Bakteriophagen in der Therapie , Med. Klin. 29:93-96 ( (Jan. 13) ) 1933;.
Eliava, G.:  Au sujet de l'adsorption du bactériophage par les leucocytes , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 105:829-831 ( (Jan. 8) ) 1930;.
Krueger, A. P.; Lich, R. Jr., and Schulze, K. R.:  Bacteriophage in Experimental Staphylococcal Septicemia , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:73-75 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Harris, W. H., and Larimore, O. M.:  Action of Bacteriophage upon Production of in Vivo Prepared Toxic Substance of Bacillus Typhosus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 26:752-754 ( (June) ) 1929;.
Larimore, O. M., and Harris, W. H.:  Action of Bacteriophage in Experimental Typhoid Peritonitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 26:754-756 ( (June) ) 1929;.
Arnold, L., and Weiss, E.:  Prophylactic and Therapeutic Possibilities of the Twort-d'Herelle's Bacteriophage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 12:20-31 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
Walker, J. E.:  Protective Effect of Bacteriophage Against Simultaneous Injection of Colon Bacilli , J. Infect. Dis. 45:73-78 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Compton, A.: (a)  Sensitization and Immunization with Bacteriophage in Experimental Plague , J. Infect. Dis. 43:448-457 ( (Nov.) ) 1928;
 Immunization in Experimental Plague by Subcutaneous Inoculation with Bacteriophage; Comparison of Plain and Formaldehyde-Treated Phagelysed Plague Vaccine , J. Infect. Dis. 46:152-160 ( (Feb.) ) 1930;.
Flu, P. C.:  Der Antipestbakteriophag und die Prophylaxe und Therapie der experimentellen Pest , Zentralbl. f. Bakteriol. 113: (abt. 1) 468-473 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1929;.
Naidu, B. P. B., and Avari, C. R.:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Plague , Indian J. M. Research 19:737-748 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Kabéshima, Tamezo:  Bactériologie: Thérapie expérimentale des porteurs de germes , Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 170:71-75, 1920;.
Marcuse, K.:  Grundlagen und Aufgaben der Lysintherapie, (d'Hérelle's Bakteriophagen) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 50:334-336 ( (March 14) ) 1924;.
Walker, J. E.:  Effect of Bacteriophage in Experimental Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Skin Infections , South M. J. 24:1087-1089 ( (Dec.) ) 1931;.
Kolmer, J. A., and Rule, Anna:  A Note on the Treatment of Experimental Streptococcus Meningitis of Rabbits with Bacteriophage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 18:1001-1003 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Colvin, M. G.:  Relationship of Bacteriophage to Natural and Experimental Diseases of Laboratory Animals, with Special Reference to Lymphadenitis of Guinea-Pigs , J. Infect. Dis. 51:17-29 ( (July) -Aug.) 1932;.
Topley, W. W. C.; Wilson, J., and Lewis, E. R.:  Rôle of Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon in Epidemics of Mouse-Typhoid , J. Hyg. 24:17-36 ( (July) ) 1925;.
Pyle, N. J.:  Bacteriophage in Relation to Salmonella Pullora Infection in Domestic Fowl , J. Bact. 12:245-261 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
d'Herelle, Felix: The Bacteriophage and Its Clinical Applications , Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, 1930;; translated by G. H. Smith.
Appelmans, R.:  Le bacteriophage dans l'organism , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:722-724, 1921;.
Nungester, W. J., and Watrous, R. M.:  Accumulation of Bacteriophage in Spleen and Liver Following Its Intravenous Inoculation , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:901-905 ( (May) ) 1934;.
Sumyoshi, Y.:  Bauchhöhlenexsudat und Bakteriophage , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 39:377-382, 1924;.
Brulé and Sauvé:  Un cas de staphylococcémie grave guéri par le bactériophage intraveineux , Bull. et mém. Soc. nat. de chir. 58:491-494 ( (March 19) ) 1932;.
Schultz, E. W.:  Bacteriophage: Possible Therapeutic Aid in Dental Infections , J. Dental Research 12:295-310 ( (April) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J., and Frisbee, Frances C.:  Bacteriophage as a Therapeutic Agent in Staphylococcus Bacteremia , J. A. M. A. 99:1150-1155 ( (Oct. 1) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J.; Frisbee, Frances C., and Applebaum, Martha:  Therapeutic Use of Bacteriophages Against the Colon Bacillus , Arch. Surg. 29:242-247 ( (Aug.) ) 1934;.
Dutton, L. O.:  Therapeutic Use of Bacteriophage, with Special Reference to Staphylococcus Septicemia , Southwestern Med. 17:374-379 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Rice, T. B.:  Use of Bacteriophage Filtrates in Treatment of Suppurative Conditions: Report of 300 Cases , Am. J. M. Sc. 179:345-360 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Stout, B. F.:  Bacteriophage Therapy , Texas State J. Med. 29:205-209 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Schless, R. A.:  Staphylococcus Aureus Meningitis: Treatment with Specific Bacteriophage , Am. J. Dis. Child. 44:813-822 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Gratia, A.:  La lyse transmissible du staphylocoque: Sa production; ses applications thérapeutiques , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 86:276-278, 1922;.
Bruynoghe, R., and Maisin, J.:  Essais de thérapeutique au moyen du bactériophage , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:1120-1121, 1921;.
Gougerot, H., and Peyre, E.:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Skin Diseases , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 91:452-453 ( (July 18) ) 1924;.
Grenet, H., and Isaac-Georges, P.:  Quelques essais thérapeutiques à l'aide du bactériophage de d'Hérelle , Presse méd. 36:1089-1092 ( (Aug. 29) ) 1928;.
Crutchfield, E. D., and Stout, B. F.:  Treatment of Staphylococcic Infections of the Skin by the Bacteriophage , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 22:1010-1021 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Boyce, F. F.; Lambert, R., and McFetridge, E. M.:  Bacteriophagy in Treatment of Infections of Superficial and Deep Tissues, with Report of 200 Cases , New Orleans M. & S. J. 86:158-165 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Alderson, H. E.:  Bacteriophage in Pyogenic Infections of Skin , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 21:197-205 ( (Feb.) ) 1930;.
Kahn, B. L.:  Bacteriophage Therapy for Pyodermia: Report of Twenty Cases , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 24:218-227 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Cipollaro, A. C., and Sheplar, Adele E.:  Therapeutic Uses of Bacteriophage in Pyodermias , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 25:280-293 ( (Feb.) ) 1932;.
Larkum, N. W.:  Bacteriophage Treatment of Staphylococcus Infections , J. Infect. Dis. 45:34-41 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Bagley, E. C., and Keller, Margaret:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Osteomyelitis; Study of Ten Cases, Including Three Cases Complicated by Staphylococcus Aureus Septicemia , Minnesota Med. 15:597-601 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J.:  Bacteriophages as Help in Treatment of Infections in Children , New York State J. Med. 31:1383-1386 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1931;.
Albee, F. H.:  Will Bacteriophage Prove Ideal Wound Treatment? Am. J. Surg. 15:228-236 ( (Feb.) ) 1932;.
d'Herelle, Felix: Immunity in Natural Infectious Disease , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company; translated by G. H. Smith, 1924;.

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Twort, F. W.:  An Investigation on the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses , Lancet 2:1241-1243, 1915;
 Les agents bactériolytiques filtrables et transmissibles (bactériophage) , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 47:459-469 ( (Nov.) ) 1931;
 Filter-Passing Transmissible Bacteriolytic Agents (Bacteriophage) , Lancet 2:1064-1067 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1930;.
d'Herelle, Felix:  Microbiologie—sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysentériques , Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 165:373-380, 1917;.
Topley, W. W. C., and Wilson, G. S.:  The Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon, chapt. X  in The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity , New York, William Wood & Co. 1:224-233, 1931;.
d'Herelle, Felix: The Bacteriophage and Its Behavior , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company, trans. by G. H. Smith, 1926;.
 Bacterial Auto-Aggressins , editorial, J. A. M. A. 94:269 ( (Jan. 25) ) 1930;
correspondence,  Bacterial Auto-Aggressins J. A. M. A. 94:503 ( (Feb. 15) ) 1930;.
Bronfenbrenner, Jacques:  The Bacteriophage: Present Status of the Question of Its Nature and Mode of Action , in Jordan, E. O., and Falk, I. S.: New Knowledge of Bacteriology and Immunology , University of Chicago Press, 1928;, chapt. 40, pp. 525-556.
Bronfenbrenner, Jacques: Filterable Viruses , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1928;, pp. 373-403; edited by T. M. Rivers.
Krueger, A. P., and Tamada, H. T.:  Preparation of Relatively Pure Bacteriophage . J. Gen. Physiol. 13:145-151 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Krueger, A. P., and Northrop, J. H.;  The Kinetics of the Bacterium-Bacteriophage Reaction , J. Gen. Physiol. 14:223-254 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
Hetler, D. M., and Bronfenbrenner, J.:  Further Studies on Mechanism of Transmissible Lysis of Bacteria , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29:806-808 ( (April) ) 1932;.
Krueger, A. P., and Baldwin, D. M.:  Inactivation of Bacteriophage by Mercury Bichloride; Reactivitation of Bichloride-Inactivated Phage , J. Gen. Physiol. 17:129-133 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Bordet, J., and Ciuca, M.:  Exudats leucocytaires et autolyse microbienne transmissible; le bactériophage de d'Herelle, sa production et son interprétation , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 83:1293-1298, 1920;.
Bordet, J.:  Problem of Bacteriophage or of Transmissible Bacterial Autolysis , Ann. Inst. Pasteur 39:717-763, 1925;.
Arkwright, J. A.:  Source and Characteristics of Certain Cultures Sensitive to Bacteriophage , Brit. J. Exper. Path. 5:23-33 ( (Feb.) ) 1924;
Hadley, P.:  Twort-d'Hérelle phenomenon; critical review and presentation of new conception (homogamic theory) of bacteriophage action , J. Infect. Dis. 42:263-434 ( (April) ) 1928;.
Hadley, P.; Delves, E., and Klimek, J.:  Filtrable Forms of Bacteria; Filtrable Stage in Life History of Shiga Dysentery Bacillus , J. Infect. Dis. 48:1-159 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Kendall, A. I., and Walker, A. W.:  Occurrence of Bacteria in the Filtrable State in Active Bacteriophage , J. Infect. Dis. 53:355-371 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1933;.
Asheshov, I. N.; Asheshov, I.; Khan, S., and Lahiri, M. N.:  Studies on Cholera Bacteriophage , Indian J. M. Research 20:1101-1188 ( (April) ) 1933;.
Kendrick, P.:  The Antigenic Properties of Bacteriophage Lysates of Salmonella Suipestifer; Rate of Disappearance of Injected Bacteriophage from the Blood Stream of Rabbits , Am. J. Hyg. 17:318-328 ( (March) ) 1933;.
Besredka, Alexander: Local Immunization: Specific Dressings , Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, edited and translated by Harry Plotz, 1927;.
Friedberger, E., and Vallen, J.:  Action of Typhoid Bacteriophage in Presence of Erythrocytes , Klin. Wchnschr. 2:1649-1650 ( (Aug. 27) ) 1923;.
Clark, P. F., and Clark, A. S.:  Bacteriophage Active Against Virulent Hemolytic Streptococcus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 24:635-639 ( (April) ) 1927;.
Applebaum, Martha, and MacNeal, W. J.: (a)  Influence of Pus and Blood on Action of Bacteriophage , J. Infect. Dis. 49:225-243 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;
 Influence of Blood and Exudates on the Action of Bacteriophage Against Colon Bacillus , J. Infect. Dis. 50:269-276 ( (March) ) 1932;.
Evans, Alice C.:  Inactivation of Antistreptococcus Bacteriophage by Animal Fluids , Pub. Health Rep. 48:411-426 ( (April 21) ) 1933;.
Gratia, A., and Jaumain, D.:  Dualité du principe lytique du colibacille et du staphylocoque , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:882-884, 1921;.
Zdansky, E.:  Kritische und experimentelle Beiträge zur Frage der Wirkungsmöglicheit der Bakteriophagen im Warmblüterorganismus und in der freien Natur , Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 103:164-176, 1924;.
Riding, D.:  Acute Bacillary Dysentery in Khartoum Province, Sudan, with Special Reference to Bacteriophage Treatment: Bacteriological Investigation , J. Hyg. 30:387-401 ( (Aug.) ) 1930;.
Cowles, P. B., and Hale, W. M.:  Effect of Bacteriophage on Experimental Anthrax in White Mice , J. Infect. Dis. 49:264-269 ( (Sept.) ) 1931;.
Gratia, A., and Mutsaars, W.:  L'action inhibitrice du sérum normal sur la lyse du staphylocoque doré par les bactériophages staphylococciques polyvalents , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 106:943-945 ( (April 16) ) 1931;.
Colvin, M. G.:  Behavior of Bacteriophage in Body Fluids and in Exudates , J. Infect. Dis. 51:527-541 ( (Nov.) -Dec.) 1932;.
Bruynoghe, R., and Maisin, J.:  La Phagocytose du Bactériophage , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 86:292-293, 1922;.
Larkum, N. W.:  Bacteriophagy in Urinary Infection; Bacteriophagy in Bladder , J. Bact. 12:225-242 ( (Sept.) ) 1926;.
Dresel, I., and Lewis, M. R.:  Study of Bacteriophage in Tissue Cultures , Am. J. Hyg. 11:189-195 ( (Jan.) ) 1930;.
Hoder, F.:  Die Bakteriophagen in der Therapie , Med. Klin. 29:93-96 ( (Jan. 13) ) 1933;.
Eliava, G.:  Au sujet de l'adsorption du bactériophage par les leucocytes , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 105:829-831 ( (Jan. 8) ) 1930;.
Krueger, A. P.; Lich, R. Jr., and Schulze, K. R.:  Bacteriophage in Experimental Staphylococcal Septicemia , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30:73-75 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Harris, W. H., and Larimore, O. M.:  Action of Bacteriophage upon Production of in Vivo Prepared Toxic Substance of Bacillus Typhosus , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 26:752-754 ( (June) ) 1929;.
Larimore, O. M., and Harris, W. H.:  Action of Bacteriophage in Experimental Typhoid Peritonitis , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 26:754-756 ( (June) ) 1929;.
Arnold, L., and Weiss, E.:  Prophylactic and Therapeutic Possibilities of the Twort-d'Herelle's Bacteriophage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 12:20-31 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
Walker, J. E.:  Protective Effect of Bacteriophage Against Simultaneous Injection of Colon Bacilli , J. Infect. Dis. 45:73-78 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Compton, A.: (a)  Sensitization and Immunization with Bacteriophage in Experimental Plague , J. Infect. Dis. 43:448-457 ( (Nov.) ) 1928;
 Immunization in Experimental Plague by Subcutaneous Inoculation with Bacteriophage; Comparison of Plain and Formaldehyde-Treated Phagelysed Plague Vaccine , J. Infect. Dis. 46:152-160 ( (Feb.) ) 1930;.
Flu, P. C.:  Der Antipestbakteriophag und die Prophylaxe und Therapie der experimentellen Pest , Zentralbl. f. Bakteriol. 113: (abt. 1) 468-473 ( (Aug. 31) ) 1929;.
Naidu, B. P. B., and Avari, C. R.:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Plague , Indian J. M. Research 19:737-748 ( (Jan.) ) 1932;.
Kabéshima, Tamezo:  Bactériologie: Thérapie expérimentale des porteurs de germes , Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 170:71-75, 1920;.
Marcuse, K.:  Grundlagen und Aufgaben der Lysintherapie, (d'Hérelle's Bakteriophagen) , Deutsche med. Wchnschr. 50:334-336 ( (March 14) ) 1924;.
Walker, J. E.:  Effect of Bacteriophage in Experimental Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Skin Infections , South M. J. 24:1087-1089 ( (Dec.) ) 1931;.
Kolmer, J. A., and Rule, Anna:  A Note on the Treatment of Experimental Streptococcus Meningitis of Rabbits with Bacteriophage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 18:1001-1003 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Colvin, M. G.:  Relationship of Bacteriophage to Natural and Experimental Diseases of Laboratory Animals, with Special Reference to Lymphadenitis of Guinea-Pigs , J. Infect. Dis. 51:17-29 ( (July) -Aug.) 1932;.
Topley, W. W. C.; Wilson, J., and Lewis, E. R.:  Rôle of Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon in Epidemics of Mouse-Typhoid , J. Hyg. 24:17-36 ( (July) ) 1925;.
Pyle, N. J.:  Bacteriophage in Relation to Salmonella Pullora Infection in Domestic Fowl , J. Bact. 12:245-261 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
d'Herelle, Felix: The Bacteriophage and Its Clinical Applications , Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, 1930;; translated by G. H. Smith.
Appelmans, R.:  Le bacteriophage dans l'organism , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:722-724, 1921;.
Nungester, W. J., and Watrous, R. M.:  Accumulation of Bacteriophage in Spleen and Liver Following Its Intravenous Inoculation , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 31:901-905 ( (May) ) 1934;.
Sumyoshi, Y.:  Bauchhöhlenexsudat und Bakteriophage , Ztschr. f. Immunitätsforsch. u. exper. Therap. 39:377-382, 1924;.
Brulé and Sauvé:  Un cas de staphylococcémie grave guéri par le bactériophage intraveineux , Bull. et mém. Soc. nat. de chir. 58:491-494 ( (March 19) ) 1932;.
Schultz, E. W.:  Bacteriophage: Possible Therapeutic Aid in Dental Infections , J. Dental Research 12:295-310 ( (April) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J., and Frisbee, Frances C.:  Bacteriophage as a Therapeutic Agent in Staphylococcus Bacteremia , J. A. M. A. 99:1150-1155 ( (Oct. 1) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J.; Frisbee, Frances C., and Applebaum, Martha:  Therapeutic Use of Bacteriophages Against the Colon Bacillus , Arch. Surg. 29:242-247 ( (Aug.) ) 1934;.
Dutton, L. O.:  Therapeutic Use of Bacteriophage, with Special Reference to Staphylococcus Septicemia , Southwestern Med. 17:374-379 ( (Nov.) ) 1933;.
Rice, T. B.:  Use of Bacteriophage Filtrates in Treatment of Suppurative Conditions: Report of 300 Cases , Am. J. M. Sc. 179:345-360 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Stout, B. F.:  Bacteriophage Therapy , Texas State J. Med. 29:205-209 ( (July) ) 1933;.
Schless, R. A.:  Staphylococcus Aureus Meningitis: Treatment with Specific Bacteriophage , Am. J. Dis. Child. 44:813-822 ( (Oct.) ) 1932;.
Gratia, A.:  La lyse transmissible du staphylocoque: Sa production; ses applications thérapeutiques , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 86:276-278, 1922;.
Bruynoghe, R., and Maisin, J.:  Essais de thérapeutique au moyen du bactériophage , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 85:1120-1121, 1921;.
Gougerot, H., and Peyre, E.:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Skin Diseases , Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 91:452-453 ( (July 18) ) 1924;.
Grenet, H., and Isaac-Georges, P.:  Quelques essais thérapeutiques à l'aide du bactériophage de d'Hérelle , Presse méd. 36:1089-1092 ( (Aug. 29) ) 1928;.
Crutchfield, E. D., and Stout, B. F.:  Treatment of Staphylococcic Infections of the Skin by the Bacteriophage , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 22:1010-1021 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
Boyce, F. F.; Lambert, R., and McFetridge, E. M.:  Bacteriophagy in Treatment of Infections of Superficial and Deep Tissues, with Report of 200 Cases , New Orleans M. & S. J. 86:158-165 ( (Sept.) ) 1933;.
Alderson, H. E.:  Bacteriophage in Pyogenic Infections of Skin , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 21:197-205 ( (Feb.) ) 1930;.
Kahn, B. L.:  Bacteriophage Therapy for Pyodermia: Report of Twenty Cases , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 24:218-227 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
Cipollaro, A. C., and Sheplar, Adele E.:  Therapeutic Uses of Bacteriophage in Pyodermias , Arch. Dermat. & Syph. 25:280-293 ( (Feb.) ) 1932;.
Larkum, N. W.:  Bacteriophage Treatment of Staphylococcus Infections , J. Infect. Dis. 45:34-41 ( (July) ) 1929;.
Bagley, E. C., and Keller, Margaret:  Bacteriophage in Treatment of Osteomyelitis; Study of Ten Cases, Including Three Cases Complicated by Staphylococcus Aureus Septicemia , Minnesota Med. 15:597-601 ( (Sept.) ) 1932;.
MacNeal, W. J.:  Bacteriophages as Help in Treatment of Infections in Children , New York State J. Med. 31:1383-1386 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1931;.
Albee, F. H.:  Will Bacteriophage Prove Ideal Wound Treatment? Am. J. Surg. 15:228-236 ( (Feb.) ) 1932;.
d'Herelle, Felix: Immunity in Natural Infectious Disease , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company; translated by G. H. Smith, 1924;.
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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