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ARTICLE |

THE EXTENT OF THE RETENTION OF INGESTED ALUMINUM FREE

E. W. SCHWARTZE, M.D.; GERALD J. COX, Ph.D.; RICHARD B. UNANGST, B.S.; F. J. MURPHY, B.S.; HELEN B. WIGMAN, B.S.
[+] Author Affiliations

In the article as it appears here, tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 are omitted. Reprints containing these tables will be furnished, gratis, on application to the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research.


JAMA. 1933;101(22):1722-1725. doi:10.1001/jama.1933.02740470036009
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This paper is one of a series1 on the hygienic aspects of aluminum cooking utensils. It deals with the extent to which aluminum is stored in the tissues under conditions of a varied alimentary supply of soluble aluminum salts.

The study of the elimination and the retention of aluminum is of importance, first, because aluminum is almost universally present in foodstuffs; secondly, because the metal is used extensively for the manufacture of cooking utensils and food containers; and, thirdly, because the data on the distribution of aluminum after feeding aluminum salts are of value in the elucidation of the absorption, retention and elimination of other metals.

In addition to its natural occurrence, aluminum may enter foodstuffs by contact with the metal or by the addition of salts of aluminum. The extent to which aluminum enters foods cooked in aluminum utensils has been shown elsewhere1g to be extremely small,

REFERENCES

Schwartze, E. W., and Hann, R. M.:  A Preliminary Report upon the Utilization of the Spectrophotometer in the Determination of Minute Amounts of Aluminum , Science 69: 167-170 ( (Feb. 8) ) 1929;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Hann, R. M.:  Rolled Oats and Bran in a Scurvy-Producing Diet and the Negative Control Test , J. Nutrition 2: 171-181 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Hann, R. M.:  Studies of the Destruction of Vitamin C in the Boiling of Milk , J. Nutrition 2: 325-352 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Cox, G. J.:  The Effect of Pasteurization upon the Vitamin C Content of Milk in the Presence of Certain Metals , J. Nutrition 4: 211-225 ( (July) ) 1931;.
Cox, G. J.; Dodds, M. L.; Wigman, H. B., and Murphy, F. J.:  The Effects of High Doses of Aluminum and Iron on Phosphorus Metabolism , J. Biol. Chem. 92: xi ( (June) ) 1931;.
Cox, G. J.; Schwartze, E. W.; Hann, R. M.; Unangst, R. B., and Neal, J. L.:  Occurrence and Determination of Aluminum in Foods: I. Determination of Aluminum in Organic Materials , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24: 403-405 ( (April) ) 1932;.
Beal, G. D.; Unangst, R. B.; Wigman, H. B., and Cox, G. J.:  Occurrence and Determination of Aluminum in Foods: II. Aluminum Content of Foodstuffs Cooked in Glass and in Aluminum , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24: 405-407 ( (April) ) 1932;.
A Select, Annotated Bibliography on the Hygienic Aspects of Aluminum and Aluminum Utensils with a preface by Edward R. Weidlein and an introduction by George D. Beal. Published by Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. Distributed free on request.
McCollum, E. V.; Rask, O. S., and Becker, J. E.:  A Study of the Possible Rôle of Aluminum Compounds in Animal and Plant Physiology , J. Biol. Chem. 77: 753-768 ( (May) ) 1928;.
Myers, V. C.; Mull, J. W., and Morrison, D. B.:  The Estimation of Aluminum in Animal Tissues , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 595-604 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Underhill, F. P., and Peterman, F. I.:  Studies in the Metabolism of Aluminum: I. Method for Determination of Small Amounts of Aluminum in Biological Material , Am. J. Physiol. 90: 1-14 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
Winter, O. B., and Bird, O. D.:  The Determination of Aluminum in Plants: II. Aluminum in Plant Materials , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51: 2964-2968 ( (Oct.) ) 1929;.
Tourtellotte, D., and Rask, O. S.:  Spectrographic Determination of Aluminum in Biological Ashes , Indust. & Engin. Chem. , Anal. Ed. 3: 97-102 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Lewis, S. J.:  The Assimilation of Aluminum by the Human System , Biochem. J. 25: 2162-2167 ( (Dec.) ) 1931;.
Aluminum lactate was made by dissolving aluminum chloride in water, adding lactic acid, distilling off the hydrochloric acid and water, and allowing crystallization to occur. It could not be recrystallized from water, presumably because a basic lactate formed that was less soluble, although the aluminum content was approximately the same. We added a solution of the salts of aluminum to the animal diet, to insure that the aluminum was dissolved at least at the start.
Schwartze, E. W., and Clarke, W. F.:  Some Observations upon the Pharmacology of Tin , J. Pharmacol. Proc. 31: 224-225 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
The tissues of these animals were analyzed by a method which was later shown to be unreliable and the data, therefore, are of no value. A preliminary report has been made 1e on the effects of phosphorus starvation produced by the ration containing 1,400 parts per million of aluminum or an equivalent amount of iron. A complete report will be published later.
Myers, V. C., and Mull, J. W.:  The Influence of the Administration of Aluminum upon the Aluminum Content of the Tissues and upon the Growth and Reproduction of Rats , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 605-613 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Underhill, F. P., and Peterman, F. I.:  Studies in the Metabolism of Aluminum: II. Absorption and Deposition of Aluminum in the Dog , Am. J. Physiol. 90: 15-39 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
Tourtellotte, D., and Rask, O. S.:  The Absorption of Aluminum Compounds , Am. J. Hyg. 14: 225-230 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.

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Schwartze, E. W., and Hann, R. M.:  A Preliminary Report upon the Utilization of the Spectrophotometer in the Determination of Minute Amounts of Aluminum , Science 69: 167-170 ( (Feb. 8) ) 1929;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Hann, R. M.:  Rolled Oats and Bran in a Scurvy-Producing Diet and the Negative Control Test , J. Nutrition 2: 171-181 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Hann, R. M.:  Studies of the Destruction of Vitamin C in the Boiling of Milk , J. Nutrition 2: 325-352 ( (March) ) 1930;.
Schwartze, E. W.; Murphy, F. J., and Cox, G. J.:  The Effect of Pasteurization upon the Vitamin C Content of Milk in the Presence of Certain Metals , J. Nutrition 4: 211-225 ( (July) ) 1931;.
Cox, G. J.; Dodds, M. L.; Wigman, H. B., and Murphy, F. J.:  The Effects of High Doses of Aluminum and Iron on Phosphorus Metabolism , J. Biol. Chem. 92: xi ( (June) ) 1931;.
Cox, G. J.; Schwartze, E. W.; Hann, R. M.; Unangst, R. B., and Neal, J. L.:  Occurrence and Determination of Aluminum in Foods: I. Determination of Aluminum in Organic Materials , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24: 403-405 ( (April) ) 1932;.
Beal, G. D.; Unangst, R. B.; Wigman, H. B., and Cox, G. J.:  Occurrence and Determination of Aluminum in Foods: II. Aluminum Content of Foodstuffs Cooked in Glass and in Aluminum , Indust. & Engin. Chem. 24: 405-407 ( (April) ) 1932;.
A Select, Annotated Bibliography on the Hygienic Aspects of Aluminum and Aluminum Utensils with a preface by Edward R. Weidlein and an introduction by George D. Beal. Published by Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. Distributed free on request.
McCollum, E. V.; Rask, O. S., and Becker, J. E.:  A Study of the Possible Rôle of Aluminum Compounds in Animal and Plant Physiology , J. Biol. Chem. 77: 753-768 ( (May) ) 1928;.
Myers, V. C.; Mull, J. W., and Morrison, D. B.:  The Estimation of Aluminum in Animal Tissues , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 595-604 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Underhill, F. P., and Peterman, F. I.:  Studies in the Metabolism of Aluminum: I. Method for Determination of Small Amounts of Aluminum in Biological Material , Am. J. Physiol. 90: 1-14 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
Winter, O. B., and Bird, O. D.:  The Determination of Aluminum in Plants: II. Aluminum in Plant Materials , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51: 2964-2968 ( (Oct.) ) 1929;.
Tourtellotte, D., and Rask, O. S.:  Spectrographic Determination of Aluminum in Biological Ashes , Indust. & Engin. Chem. , Anal. Ed. 3: 97-102 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
Lewis, S. J.:  The Assimilation of Aluminum by the Human System , Biochem. J. 25: 2162-2167 ( (Dec.) ) 1931;.
Aluminum lactate was made by dissolving aluminum chloride in water, adding lactic acid, distilling off the hydrochloric acid and water, and allowing crystallization to occur. It could not be recrystallized from water, presumably because a basic lactate formed that was less soluble, although the aluminum content was approximately the same. We added a solution of the salts of aluminum to the animal diet, to insure that the aluminum was dissolved at least at the start.
Schwartze, E. W., and Clarke, W. F.:  Some Observations upon the Pharmacology of Tin , J. Pharmacol. Proc. 31: 224-225 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
The tissues of these animals were analyzed by a method which was later shown to be unreliable and the data, therefore, are of no value. A preliminary report has been made 1e on the effects of phosphorus starvation produced by the ration containing 1,400 parts per million of aluminum or an equivalent amount of iron. A complete report will be published later.
Myers, V. C., and Mull, J. W.:  The Influence of the Administration of Aluminum upon the Aluminum Content of the Tissues and upon the Growth and Reproduction of Rats , J. Biol. Chem. 78: 605-613 ( (Aug.) ) 1928;.
Underhill, F. P., and Peterman, F. I.:  Studies in the Metabolism of Aluminum: II. Absorption and Deposition of Aluminum in the Dog , Am. J. Physiol. 90: 15-39 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
Tourtellotte, D., and Rask, O. S.:  The Absorption of Aluminum Compounds , Am. J. Hyg. 14: 225-230 ( (Aug.) ) 1931;.
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