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December 22, 1989, Vol 262, No. 24 >
ARTICLE | December 22, 1989

Retina

Richard Feist, MD
JAMA. 1989;262(24):3481. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430240125046.
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The neurosensory retina is the only portion of the central nervous system exposed to the light of the outside world. Despite previous advances, many mysteries remain regarding the function and dysfunction of this vital tissue. This is underscored by the morbidity retinal diseases carry in the United States, with diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration ranking as the two leading causes of irreversible legal blindness in the United States.1

In comparison with the medical sciences as a whole, the history of vitreoretinal ophthalmology is short and kinetic, with many of the field's innovators still alive and practicing. In the United States the beginnings of the subspecialty were with Charles Schepens, who popularized external scleral buckling techniques as the first modern treatment for retinal detachment in the 1940s and 1950s. Further advances followed in the 1950s and 1960s with the origination of fluorescein angiography by Novotny and Alvis, Meyer-Schwickerath's description

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