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Leading Major Congenital Malformations Among Minority Groups in the United States, 1981-1986

JAMA. 1989;261(2):205-209. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420020047012.
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Oakley GP Jr.  Frequency of human congenital malformations . Clin Perinatol 1986;;13:545-54.
National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1985 . Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1987;; DHHS publication no. (PHS)87-1120. (Monthly vital statistics report vol 36, no. (5, suppl) .)
Centers for Disease Control.  Table V. Estimated years of potential life lost before age 65 and cause-specific mortality, by cause of death—United States, 1985 . MMWR 1987;;36:313.
Flynt JW, Norris CK, Zaro S, Kitchen SB, Kotler M, Ziegler A. State surveillance of birth defects and other adverse reproductive outcomes . Final report. George Washington University: Macro Systems, Inc, (April) 1987;.
Windham GC, Edmonds LD.  Current trends in the incidence of neural tube defects . Pediatrics 1982;;70:333-7.
Erickson JD.  Racial variations in the incidence of congenital malformations . Ann Hum Genet 1976;; 39:315-20.
Myrianthopoulos NC.  Racial differences . In: Malformations in children from one to seven years: a report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project . New York: Alan R Liss, Inc, 1985;:55-64.
Feldman JG, Stein SC, Klein RJ, Kohl S, Casey G.  The prevalence of neural tube defects among ethnic groups in Brooklyn, New York . J Chronic Dis 1982;;35:53-60.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health . Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1985;.
Aase JM.  The fetal alcohol syndrome in American Indians: a high risk group . Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1981;;3:153-6.
Lowry RB, Thunem NY, Silver M.  Congenital anomalies in American Indians of British Columbia . Genet Epidemiol 1986;;3:455-67.
Edmonds LD, Layde PM, James LM, Flynt JW, Erickson JD, Oakley GP Jr.  Congenital malformations surveillance: two American systems . Int J Epidemiol 1981;;10:247-52.
Throughout this report, the term "American Indians" includes Alaskan Natives.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

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