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Sept 22, 1969, Vol 209, No. 12 >
ARTICLE | Sept 22, 1969

Blind and Double-Blind Techniques

Arthur K. Shapiro, MD
JAMA. 1969;209(12):1908. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160250064022.
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To the Editor:—  This communication is stimulated by Dr. A. Hoffer's letter to The Journal claiming historic priority for the first double— blind study in psychiatry.1My historic research, not yet completed, indicates that the first double-blind study was done by Rivers (1908) in experimental psychology.2 The term double-blind was not used to describe the procedure in the former study or in the second such done by Hollingsworth (1912.)3Although the first partially double— blind study was done by Gold et al in 1937,4 the first reference to the term "blind test" was by Gold (1946) in a discussion of the placebo effect at a Cornell conference on therapy.5The first complete double-blind study in clinical medicine was published in 1950 by Greiner et al.6The first published double-blind study in psychiatry was done by Hampson et al in 1957.7Dr. Hoffer reports

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