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January 1, 1949, Vol 139, No. 1 >
ARTICLE | January 1, 1949

ORDEALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

HERNÁN ROMERO, M.D.; OCTAVIO CABELLO, C.E., M.P.H.
JAMA. 1949;139(1):21-27. doi:10.1001/jama.1949.02900180023007.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  To decide who was guilty or who was right between two litigants, Birmanian tradition prescribed that two candles should be simultaneously lighted and given to the litigants. The first to go out was the one in the hands of the guilty or wrong party. A divinity was also supposed to protect the innocent person against the damage of a testing substance that he was made to swallow, or enable him to walk on red hot iron, or extract a ring from the bottom of a caldron full of boiling water or go through other such queer and extraordinary trials that people conceived in different ages and regions. They were the mediums of God's judgment: the ordeals, or Dei iudicium. Sometimes individual prowess was replaced by a duel, in which one of the two fighters was a gentleman or a champion who defended his lady or his master. Might

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